Abstract
This paper proposes a near to real-time local market to provide reactive power to the transmission system operator (TSO), using the resources connected to a distribution grid managed by a distribution system operator (DSO). The TSO publishes a requested reactive power profile at the TSO-DSO interface for each time-interval of the next delivery period, so that market agents (managing resources of the distribution grid) can prepare and send their bids accordingly. DSO resources are the first to be mobilized, and the remaining residual reactive power is supplied by the reactive power flexibility offered in the local reactive market. Complex bids (with non-curtailability conditions) are supported to provide flexible ways of bidding fewer flexible assets (such as capacitor banks). An alternating current (AC) optimal power flow (OPF) is used to clear the bids by maximizing the social welfare to supply the TSO required reactive power profile, subject to the DSO grid constraints. A rolling window mechanism allows a continuous dispatching of reactive power, and the possibility of adapting assigned schedules to real time constraints. A simplified TSO-DSO cost assignment of the flexible reactive power used is proposed to share for settlement purposes.
Highlights
In traditional power systems, voltage support and reactive power regulation have typically been provided by conventional generators
Increasing inductive reactive power
The grid that must be compensated with inductive reactive power from the flexible resources)
Summary
Voltage support and reactive power regulation have typically been provided by conventional generators. These generators can be already paid back or still recovering costs mainly through energy markets, and, to a lesser extent, through ancillary services markets. Under the expected renewable energy sources (RES) integration scenarios, conventional generation units could dramatically decrease in number, due to strict environmental regulations and a lower economic viability (lower prices and lower capacity factors). Under this new framework, new sources of system services must be investigated
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