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Abstract
Measuring temperatures during high-temperature processing of steels is usually limited to surface measurements that cannot directly assess the internal temperature distribution. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using a magnetic flux density measurement system to assess transient and non-homogeneous temperature fields in a modern high-strength steel, within the intercritical temperature range where microstructural evolution defines their key mechanical properties. The system accurately detects the Curie temperature and distinguishes temperature change rates within the processed volume. The magnetic measurements are also sensitive to the volume above Curie temperature and its shape, as revealed when integrated with thermal computational simulations. The electromagnetic signal provides real-time qualitative and quantitative information relevant to the metallurgical conditions enabling future intelligent control systems for the production and processing of steels. Contactless measurements of temperature-dependent electromagnetic properties can enable through-thickness temperature monitoring solutions, opening up opportunities for non-destructive full-field imaging of steels during thermal and thermomechanical processing.
Highlights
Measuring temperatures during high-temperature processing of steels is usually limited to surface measurements that cannot directly assess the internal temperature distribution
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of steel can be performed with peak temperatures inside the [A1, A3] range resulting in fine-grained microstructures with mechanical properties that match or even surpass those of the original base materials[15,16,17]
We developed a magnetic measurement system tailored to identify temperature evolution in the ideal range for thermomechanical processing of high-strength steels (HSS)
Summary
Measuring temperatures during high-temperature processing of steels is usually limited to surface measurements that cannot directly assess the internal temperature distribution. FSW of steel can be performed with peak temperatures inside the [A1, A3] range resulting in fine-grained microstructures with mechanical properties that match or even surpass those of the original base materials[15,16,17] Reliable monitoring, both during production of the raw material and in any subsequent thermomechanical www.nature.com/scientificreports processing operation, can support intelligent control methods that will prevent the severe microstructure degradation occurring above the A3 temperature, and deliver better material properties[18,19,20]. In industrial processes, temperatures are measured using thermocouples and pyrometers[22] or infrared cameras[13,23] The former are cumbersome since they require contact and only provide point measurements and the latter are expensive and quite dependent on surface conditions making it difficult to maintain calibration. The temperature dependence of the electromagnetic properties[42,43] can be further exploited to characterize and monitor the steels during transient thermal and thermomechanical processing[44,45,46] with non-homogeneous conditions
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