Abstract
The annual yield of matsutake mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake) has consistently decreased in Japan over the past few decades. We used 15 polymorphic and codominant simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, developed using next-generation sequencing, to carry out genetic analyses of 10 populations in Nagano, Japan. Using the SSRs, we identified 223 genotypes, none of which was observed in more than one population. The mean expected heterozygosity and standardized allelic richness values were 0.67 and 4.05, respectively. Many alleles appeared in only one of the 10 populations; 34 of these private alleles were detected with a mean number per population of 3.4. The fixation index (FST) and standardized genetic differentiation (G′ST) values were 0.019 and 0.028, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the contribution of among population, among genets within a population, and within genets variation to the total variation was 2.91%, 11.62%, and 85.47%, respectively, with genetic differentiation being detected for all sources. Twenty-eight of 45 pairwise FST values were significantly larger than zero, and no pattern of isolation by distance was detected among the 10 populations. Bayesian-based clustering did not show clear differences among populations. These results suggest that reestablishment of a colony would be best accomplished by transplantation within a field; if this is not possible, then transplantation from within several dozen kilometers will cause little damage to the original population genetic structure.
Highlights
Bayesian-based clustering did not show clear differences among populations. These results suggest that reestablishment of a colony would be best accomplished by transplantation within a field; if this is not possible, transplantation from within several dozen kilometers will cause little damage to the original population genetic structure
328 matsutake mushroom samples were analyzed from the 10 populations; 223 genotypes were detected (Table 1) (Supplementary 2)
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the contributions of among population, among genets within population, and within genets variation to the total variation were 2.91%, 11.62%, and 85.47%, respectively, with genetic differentiation being detected for all sources (p < 0.001; Table 2)
Summary
This transplantation would be conducted transplantation without disturbing the underlying genetic structure, because indigenous species often contain a spatial reintroducing matsutake mushrooms into a field from which they have been lost, since this genetic structurethe in transplantation their wild populations linked to the specific local ecosystems. Information necessitates of individuals from other locations This transplantation on genetic diversity, structure, and connectivity is essential to the effective maintenance ofspecies matsutake would be conducted without disturbing the underlying genetic structure, because indigenous mushroom populations. There is almost no information expanding process of matsutake mushrooms has been researched by clarifying the distribution of on the genetic structure and connectivity of matsutake mushroom populations at a local level in Japan. This study was initiated to gain a better understanding of the genetic structure and genetic To this end, we investigated nuclear SSR polymorphisms in populations primarily in Nagano, Japan. Fundamental information for the development of a successful resource management strategy for matsutake mushrooms
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