Local lattice modification by electronic excitation of halides

Abstract

In Chapter 4, we discussed the relaxation of excitons and of electron–hole pairs to form self-trapped excitons. In halides, these relaxations may involve asymetrical atomic displacements, including the [S e , S h ] self-trapped exciton. In Chapter 5, we discuss how these asymmetric displacements relate to the asymmetric displacements which lead to defect formation. In the most important case, the displacement creates a pair of neutral defects on the halogen sublattice. This defect pair comprises a halogen atom vacancy (F centre) and a halogen atom interstitial (H centre). The F–H pair is sometimes referred to as a Frenkel pair, but this is misleading, since the term is rightly used for a defect pair comprising a halogen ion vacancy (α centre, X – missing) and a halogen ion interstitial (I centre, X i – rather than X i 0 , differing in charge, site, and symmetry from the H centre). Almost all of the discussion in this chapter relates to the alkali halides and alkaline-earth fluorides, in which excitons can be self-trapped. The arguments would apply in similar ways to many other halides, but not necessarily to those for which self-trapping does not occur (like the thallous and cuprous halides). Since the self-trapped exciton has a substantial latent energy, only a small energy is needed to transform a self-trapped exciton into an interstitial-vacancy pair on the halogen sublattice. The exciton–phonon coupling which causes exciton self-trapping also assists the creation of defect pairs.