Local Government System in Pakistan: Causes of bad Governance of Local Government System

This empirical study on good governance and conflict transformation in Sri Lanka is located within the larger scholarly discourse on good governance as a solution to conflict in developing societies. Sri Lanka is one of the oldest post-colonial democratic systems among the states of the South and has experienced various elections and changes of government between 1947 and 2001. This speaks to a certain extent for consolidation of democracy. However, Sri Lanka suffers under one of the most protracted civil wars in the world, which raises critical questions about the functioning of the democratic institutions and the governance system. The starting point of the thesis is the lack of empirical data, which is necessary to provide more rigorous knowledge on governance in different countries. Most available data sources use fact-based data only, without consideration of perception-based data of local stakeholders. The assumption of this thesis is that the international discourse on good governance requires context-specific testing and the redefinition of international good governance indicators, based on perceptions of local stakeholders. In this study a context-specific good governance model for Sri Lanka is developed, based on the prescriptive definition of citizens and stakeholders of what good governance should be and their assessment of what local governance actually is. Chapter two poses the main research question, which is, “what are the key actors, issues and challenges at the local level that a context-specific good governance model needs to take into account in order to promote sustainable development and peaceful co-existence?” This research question is elaborated on the basis of empirical case studies conducted at the local level in three regions of Sri Lanka. Chapter three specifies the political and historical context of Sri Lanka and explains how the processes of devolution of power and political mobilisation on ethnic lines have intersected, stymieing the transition to rule of law and effective implementation of citizenship. The empirical core of the thesis, chapter four, introduces the three regions of empirical research, selected on the basis of a different ethnic composition and different conflict settings. As the unit of research, selected rural local authority areas of the three regions Central Province, Uva-Province and Eastern Province are considered. The findings are based on a combination of various quantitative and qualitative interview techniques, like interviews with the elite, stakeholder interviews, household surveys and focus group discussions, which provide a rich insight into the perceptions of local stakeholders. The eight indicators of good governance, namely efficiency, responsiveness and equality, professional leadership, transparency and accountability, people’s participation, rule of law and human rights protection, trust and basic security and conflict transformation capacities derive from the discourse of the local stakeholders. These good governance indicators are used to describe and assess the perceptions of local stakeholders with regard to the state of governance in the three regions. Chapter five summarises the empirical findings by pointing out the key actors, key issues and challenges of local governance in Sri Lanka. Regarding the key actors of local governance, the study revealed that it is particularly the political and administrative institutions at the local level as well as within the Central Government which are considered as the key actors for the establishment and guarantee of good governance. The lack of co-operative interaction among these actor groups is a key to most challenges identified at the local governance level. With regard to the key issues, the findings from the three very different research regions revealed many similarities: the status of the eight good governance indicators was critical in that none of the indicators was perceived as being implemented to the satisfaction of the people. Other critical issues are the marginalisation of the local government, lack of people’s participation, patronage structures, inadequate representation of minority groups and lack of qualified local political leaders. The study revealed that many shortcomings of the local governance system are contributing to an aggravation of social conflict. The strengthening of local governance can be regarded as an important entry point to improve the social integration of different identity groups. In the final chapter, the value-added of the study and the lessons learnt and potential for governance reforms at local and national level with regard to the resolution of the ethno-political conflict in Sri Lanka are discussed. Overall the case-study approach has allowed a detailed insight into the interactions in complex processes and structures and a comparison of the three cases has generated policy recommendations, which can support the reform process in Sri Lanka.

The comparative study of local governance has been too focused on the institutional arrangements of the Systems of different nation states rather than the more fundamental issue of the societal functions performed by local government. This article focuses attention on four societal roles that local government systems undertake. They can support political identity, underwrite economic development, facilitate social welfare provision or act as a lifestyle co-ordinator through the practice of community governance. Linking our investigation to the embedded societal roles of local government in different systems opens up the opportunity for a more genuinely global comparative perspective. It also helps us to understand the likely forms of politics associated with different systems of local governance. It also enables us to explore the sustainability of different systems of local governance. It is suggested that a strong system of local government is likely to be one that is able to combine societal roles to a substantial degree. A vulnerable local government system is one trapped with one function that in changing societal and economic circumstances could find itself under threat.

After 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the Government of Pakistan has established national and provincial disaster management authorities and at local level district disaster management authority to handle the disaster risk management system. Under the Hyogo Framework for Actions, a paradigm shift from relief to risk assessment, preparedness and early warning systems is underway, emphasizing community resilience to disasters for hazard mitigation. It is fact that primary responsibility of protecting people and property from hazards rest on the national and local governments. It is the individuals, households and communities that are in the forefront of either escaping from or fighting against disasters. Though the national programs for disaster preparedness and mitigation are essential to save lives and protect livelihoods. This underscores the need for managing disaster risks at the community level. This chapter also discusses the key actors at national, provincial, district and local level and analyses the decentralization of disaster risk management institutions, and the role of local actors. This chapter is divided into ten sections, Sect. 14.2 describes the local government system in Pakistan, Sect. 14.3 elaborate the national disaster management authority and local government system in Pakistan, Sect. 14.4 focuses on the role of Provincial/State/FATA/Gilgit-Baltistan disaster management authorities in the local government, whereas DRR and district disaster management authorities has been discussed in Sect. 14.5, DRR at sub-district/Tehsil/Town level elaborated in Sect. 14.6 and DRR at union council level in Sect. 14.7. Community resilience and local government system analysed in Sect. 14.8, disaster resilience and local government in Sect. 14.9 and challenges and policy options in mainstreaming DRR at local level has been analysed in Sect. 14.10.KeywordsDisaster risk reductionLocal government and DRRCommunity resilienceChallenges and policy issues

An evolutionary examination of democratic governance in Nigeria throws up a lot of gap which metaphorically are in need of surgical operations. Not only are the existing statute almost a near departure from what obtains in practice, politicians and technocrats carry on as if all the grey areas that have constituted a cog in the operation of a just, equitable, accountable and democratic system are immutable to change. While customary law is recognized as the organic living law of the people at the grassroots level, the local government legislature do not have anything to do with this important lifeblood of the society. It is the state government that is very distant from the people that exercise the oversight functions over customary laws. Even in areas where local government and their legislature are bequeathed with oversight functions, the state governments still wields the big stick. Where then is the autonomy which each unit of government is supposed to exercise under a democratic system of government? This paper concludes with the fact that the legislature at the local government level should be strengthened, so that their bye-laws would become enforceable. In the same light, it is being advocated that there should be a harmonization of customary law with other laws in the states, so that these laws would be seen to be working at the two different levels of government. Key words: Customary law, legislation, local government, democracy, Nigeria.

The participation of women in local governance can be enhanced in all three essential areas: as voters, policy-makers and as members of decision-making bodies. There is need for policies that involve empowering local authorities and communities to develop strategies that combine the empowerment of communities and rural women. In order to be able to identify the needs of the community and to best promote social and economic development, local authorities need the input of their constituents to be able to best identify those areas that need addressing. Local authorities must encourage the involvement of the community and community organisations in local governance. The representation and participation of women in local governance is directly linked to the advancement of women and is a basic requirement in the journey towards gender equality. To ensure that the decisions that affect women’s lives are taken seriously, women should not be passive bystanders in their own development but should be proactively involved to ensure that the socio-economic patterns that marginalise and keep them dependent are changed.

A Study of Local Government in Africa through Participatory Action Research (PAR)

Since 1978, urban redevelopment in China has resulted in large-scale neighbourhood demolition and forced residential relocation, which can severely disrupt established people-place interactions in the demolished neighbourhoods. Urban redevelopment in China has also been criticized by the public and scholars, because the position of the residents in decision-making processes of urban redevelopment is often marginalized. Conflicts have arisen between the residents, local governments and developers, against the backdrop of the uneven redistribution of capital accumulated via urban space reproduction such as the replacement of declining neighbourhoods in which low-income residents reside, with newly-build high-rise dwellings for middle- or high-income residents (Qian and He 2012, Weinstein and Ren 2009). The aim of the thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of the influence of urban redevelopment and its induced forced relocation on residents, by investigating their behavioural and emotional responses to the state-led urban redevelopment in Shenyang, a Chinese city. In particular, it highlights the agency of the affected residents, through exploring their interactions with other stakeholders and through displaying the ambivalence embedded in their neighbourhood experiences. The research firstly conceptualises forced relocation as a process and as a specific type of residential mobility that occurs in the context of urban restructuring. It suggests a conceptual model to show the sequence of events that households experience during urban redevelopment, by dividing forced relocation into three stages: the pre-demolition stage, the transitional stage and the post-relocation stage (chapter 2). This conceptual model helps to reduce the distraction caused by the accumulation of the dynamics of relocatees’ experience as the urban redevelopment proceeds over time, by capturing the sequence of the events that occur to relocatees during urban redevelopment. We used the model to structure the analysis of the literature review and subsequently identify the gaps in the literature that should be addressed in future forced relocation studies about China. We discovered that the experiences of relocatees from household and residential mobility perspectives reveal the dynamic, variable and complex nature of forced relocation, which makes forced relocation in urban China not necessarily equivalent to displacement. We particularly targeted at the residents who are undergoing the pre-demolition stage of state-led national scale Shantytown Redevelopment Projects (SRPs) in Shenyang, a city in Northeast China. Since 2008, the central government has initiated SRPs to improve the living conditions of low-income residents living in declining neighbourhoods. Between 2008 and 2012, about 12.6 million households in China were involved in SRPs, and forced to move as their dwellings were demolished. These residents are stayed homeowners living in declining danwei communities and urban villages. They are among one of the most deprived social groups due to unemployment, low-income, serious illness etc., and cannot afford better dwellings. We found that (prospective) relocatees’ experiences at this stage are worthwhile to study. Their experiences and compensation choices at this stage can affect their follow-up housing experiences, since they need to make significant decisions with regard to the type and the amount of compensation (in-kind or monetary) that they can get from local governments and/or developers. However, current studies mainly target the relocatees who are already at the post-relocation stage to recall their pre-relocation experiences to evaluate the outcomes of forced relocation, which might lead to distorted retrospective accounts of their experiences and causes of their behavioural and emotional responses to the forced relocation (Goetz, 2013; Higgins and Stangor, 1998). This pre-relocation stage is also the most stressful and conflicting stage for the relocatees involved in urban redevelopment and forced relocation. It is the stage that includes land expropriation, compensation negotiations and forced movement, after intensive interactions between residents and other stakeholders. In chapter 3, we discuss a complex interplay between different stakeholders, by focusing the implementation of SRPs and the changing roles of different stakeholders. Conflicts arise between different stakeholders, featured by frictions between the central and local governments regarding the implementation of SRPs, the mismatch occurs between the scope of the SRP policy and residents’ attempts to improve their socioeconomic situation, and an entrepreneurial paradox in the relationship between local governments and developers. However, we also discovered that various stakeholders have consensus on the need for improving the living conditions in deprived neighbourhoods and on boosting the housing market. In particular, by displaying the consensus between residents, local governments and developers, we reveal the agency of residents during urban redevelopment (see also Manzo et al., 2008; Posthumus and Kleinhans, 2014). To a certain extent, residents are willing to accept urban redevelopment and forced relocation to improve their living conditions. They also intend to maximize their benefits from the redevelopment, by mobilising strategies such as constructing illegal buildings to improve the overall value of their dwelling, or by making appeals to local governments to intervene in the redevelopment (chapter 4). In addition, this research investigates the interaction between people (residents) and place (neighbourhoods) from the perspective of place attachment and ageing in place, to show the influences of urban redevelopment and forced relocation on the residents. By revealing the lived experiences of homeowners and older people in danwei communities and urban villages, we found that residents have ambivalent attitudes towards forced relocation and urban redevelopment. On the one hand, these residents anticipate a potential improvement of their living conditions via SRPs, because neighbourhood decline has been challenging their daily activities and decreasing their quality of life for years. From a people-place interaction point of view, this might be contradicting earlier research which emphasizes the more ‘romantic’ side of people-place interactions, such as place attachment and its related components (e.g. neighbourhood-based social networks and mutual help), that contribute to relocatees’ willingness to stay in their neighbourhoods when facing neighbourhood redevelopment and demolition (Fried, 1963; Manzo et al., 2008). On the other hand, many homeowners and older people are unwilling to move, since their current neighbourhood makes them feel rooted and enables them to develop living strategies to relieve their deprived socio-economic situation. Therefore, we suggest that when studying the influence of urban redevelopment on relocatees, the wider impacts of place attachment on their moving behaviour should be revealed by carefully examining their positive and negative lived experiences and the roles of different dimensions of place attachment (Livingston et al., 2010; Oakley et al., 2008; Vale, 1997). Based on the aforementioned findings, several directions for the future research can be proposed. Firstly, more research on temporal changes of individual perceptions and experiences during and after urban redevelopment is needed. In particular, we propose to conduct a longitudinal panel survey following relocatees from the three stages to identify how and why forced relocation and urban redevelopment affect the well-being of the relocatees over time and how the outcomes of relocation vary over time. Second, the heterogeneity of the affected residents and the interrelationship of this heterogeneity with their experiences should also be addressed more specifically in future research. Finally, in addition to the declining urban neighbourhoods such as danwei communities, inner city old neighbourhoods and urban villages, other types of neighbourhoods involved in Shantytown Redevelopment Projects (SRPs) should be a focus of research, for example remote rural communities established by state-owned enterprises and enterprises specialised in mining, agricultural and forestry production. We suggest that more comparative studies should be conducted with regard to governance of SRPs and its influence on the relocatees from different regions and cities across China. Our research findings can be useful for the central state and local governments to recognize the problems existing in SRPs, such as the disparity between the project scope and the expectations of the residents, the ignorance of the diverse needs of the affected residents, and the uncertainties and related negative influence on the residents in relation to the project implementation. We suggest local governments to consider the physical, social, economic and psychological influences of urban redevelopment on residents. In particular, the research suggests local governments to carefully design the compensation policy, which concerns the relocatees the most. The compensation criteria should cover various needs of relocatees regarding rehousing, such as dwelling size, nearby public and commercial facilities, and job opportunities. Local governments need to better investigate the socio-economic and family situations of affected residents before the redevelopment and forced relocation, since the needs and the expectations of different relocatees about redevelopment differ as well.

COLIN FILER It is generally agreed that local government has been the weakest of the three main tiers of government in Papua New Guinea since it gained independence in 1975. The reasons for this have been documented in the literature on the decentralisation that was brought into effect by the Organic Law on Provincial Government 1977 (Ghai and Regan 1993; Peasah 1994; May and Regan 1997; May 1999). Although this law gave provincial governments the power to create forms of local government more appropriate to local social circumstances than the model previously advocated by the Australian colonial administration, few took advantage of this opportunity. Whatever the standing of individual councillors within their own communities, the councils themselves generally lacked the financial and human resources required for them to function effectively as organisations engaged in the delivery of public goods and services. This problem is still apparent in most parts of the country. I do not propose to discuss here what could have been done, or should now be done, to improve the performance of this third level of government. Instead, I wish to discuss an institutional arrangement, known as a Special Purposes Authority (SPA), which has been used to perform some of the functions of local government in specific local circumstances. My interest in this subject arose from my recent experience as a consultant engaged in the production of a sustainable development policy for the mining sector that would seek to improve the management of project benefits disbursed to local communities and mine-affected areas (PNG Department of Mining 2003). While one of my aims is to document the potential significance of SPAs for this particular policy framework, I also wish to consider the broader question of how such exceptional institutional arrangements might be an instrument of national policy outside of the mining sector.

With the onset of information revolution, many developing countries have looked at IT as a possible new tool to solve age-old problems of poverty, bad governance, and sluggish economic growth. In Bangladesh, e-Governance has been talked about a lot; some government offices have even taken innovative steps towards certain e-Government projects. Since this is a new concept for government officials who are used to familiar methods of work, the growth of e-Governance is met with resistance and fear, among other infrastructural problems [1]. Local government institutions are the cornerstones of democracy. The central government reaches its remotest citizens through local government institutions and vice versa. On the other hand, in order to deliver need-driven services to citizens in an efficient and effective manner and to be participant and responsive, local government institutions need to be self-governed or democratic. A democratic or self-governed local government not only improves the immediate living conditions of people, but also leads to more equitable relationships in the society, which is a prerequisite for sustainable socio-economic development and poverty reduction. The use of ICT can be an effective tool to improve the local government’s service delivery and bring it closer to citizens. Application of ICT enhances access to and delivery of services to benefit the citizen and to strengthen government’s capacity to make informed decision and coordinate service delivery in transparent and efficient way [5]. It helps overcome the limitations of traditional paper and physical-based systems. In order to improve the efficiency and transparency of the local government bodies, integrating ICT in their operations is a key strategy. Communication and information sharing over the mobile phones and Internet is significantly less time-consuming than conventional method of communication i.e. through surface mails. Paper-based procedures can be replaced by automation and digitalization of all data and records. More importantly, inter and intra-agency horizontal and vertical electronic connectivity increases operational efficiency as well as simplifies decision-making processes [2]. For example, application of ICTs such digital record-keeping system, online file tracking system, online form submission can help decision making faster and efficient. A digitally accessible database of all necessary rulesregulation, meeting minutes, budget data etc. bring higher level of transparency in the organization. In addition to internal operation efficiency and decision-making, information delivery to the citizens can also be made easier through the use of ICT. So this study concerns the inevitability as well as challenges and prospect of e-Governance Union Parishad in Bangladesh. The main objective of this study is to identify and chalk out the prospect of e-Governance at local level administration in Bangladesh. To fulfillment of the main objective, following objects have been specified:

In this paper, we examine cybersecurity challenges to American state and local governments. In particular, we address the extent and magnitude of cyberattacks against these governments, the problems these governments face in preventing attacks from being successful, the barriers internal to their organizations that make cybersecurity difficult to achieve, and actions that they believe should be taken to improve cybersecurity practice. Our research method consisted of a focus group of information technology (IT) and cybersecurity (CS) officials from one American state. Among other things we found that cyberattacks, mostly in the form of malicious emails, are constant, 24/7/365, and can number in the tens of thousands per day (at least among state government and larger local governments). The participants in our focus group noted that while they weren't perfect at it, they felt that for the most part they had the technical side of cybersecurity under good control. These governments’ biggest cyber challenge is human error; that is, end users who (mostly by mistake and without malice) open an attachment or click on a link in a phishing email that then allows an attacker into the government’s IT system. We also found that the probability of a successful phishing cyberattack is relatively high. These governments face several barriers when attempting to prevent cyberattacks and when endeavoring to mitigate successful ones, including: insufficient funding and staffing; problems of governance (namely, lack of control over all actors within a governmental unit due mainly to the federated nature of government); and insufficient or under-enforced cybersecurity policies. Our participants also noted that there are several common sense ways that state and local governments can improve cybersecurity. Among others, these include: frequent vulnerability assessment, continual scanning and testing, securing cybersecurity insurance, improving end user authentication and authorization, end user training and control, control over the use of external devices (flash drives, etc.), improved governance methods, sharing information about cyberattacks and cybersecurity policies and practices among governments, and, finally, creating a culture for cybersecurity in governmental organizations. Areas for further research into state and local government cybersecurity include: the types of cyberattacks that state and local governments typically face; the types of actions that these governments should take to prevent the attacks from being successful and to mitigate the results of successful attacks; gaps between these governments’ need to prevent and mitigate cyberattacks and their ability to do so, including barriers to effective state and local government cybersecurity and best cybersecurity practices; and recommendations for improving state and local government cybersecurity.

The paper delves into the political framework of Nepal’s social welfare system of Local Level Government and its policy. The study explores the importance of social values, cultural roots and government’s decisions and their evolution in the political systems of Nepal. Similarly, it explores the significance of welfare system in local level government, their policy endeavour and ongoing impact on the subjects. The local level government structure and agencies are the important carriers of the change and welfare. The study is based on constructive interpretative nature of qualitative method, the non-probability purposive sampling with interview questions is used to explore the data of the study. The collective endeavour of Nepali cultural identity and structure has played a vital role in its polity in ancient, medieval, and early modern periods of its history. The local government system plays a greater role in bringing equal opportunity, recognition, participation and inclusion. The study explores the local government of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal engages in basic needs-interest-based polity welfare system and need to wholistic governing welfare mechanism amongst the three tiers of government. Additionally, this paper touches upon the challenges and opportunities involved in constructing Nepal as a welfare state.

Following decentralization in Indonesia there is evidence of a mismatch between spending responsibilities at the local level and local government’s ability to effectively manage resources. This research investigates the relationship between institutional arrangements for public expenditure management (PEM) and inequalities in health outcomes in selected districts of Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. The primary aims of this study are to identify factors contributing to health outcome attainment differences and efficiency determinants. The role of the central government and the own-source capacity of district-level governments in financing health resources are also explained. This research differs from previous works by focusing on the inefficiency of the district-level health sector that is associated with weak PEM systems in order to explain the significant disparity in health outcome attainment within a country, using the new institutional economics (NIE) perspective as a guideline. Mixed methods procedures were adopted: quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently. The quantitative study utilized secondary data from data sets of government institutions. A correlational analysis, using the software package SPSS, was applied to assess the relationship between public health expenditure and other determinants with health outcomes at the provincial level. The qualitative study used primary data from in-depth face-to-face interviews with 20 key actors involved in the budget process for the health sector in four district governments of Bengkulu Province. Qualitative data were analysed using the QSR NVivo software program. This study reveals that changes in public health expenditure as a percentage of GRDP and real public health expenditure per capita and other determinants can be important factors behind observed declines in infant and child mortality and increases in life expectancy in Bengkulu Province. Other determinants of health outcomes comprise real GRDP per capita, the percentage of population participation in managed care, the percentage of delivering mothers assisted by health personnel, the ratio of midwives per 100,000 population, and the female literacy rate. The role of central government in financing health resources in the districts studied is also very prominent. These districts rely heavily on the central government and have limited financial capacity. Consequently, district governments have difficulty in performing their functions in the health sector properly because of frequently insufficient and reduced public health spending that originates from the central budget. This study also finds that the inability of institutional arrangements to adopt PEM principles has undermined the efficiency of government intervention in the health sector at district level. Weak institutional arrangements in PEM have had harmful effects on the size, allocation and use of public health expenditure, which contributes to inequalities in health outcome attainment in Bengkulu Province. Such weaknesses include the absence of constructive political engagement, lack of policy clarity, consistency and affordability, the presence of poor predictability, lack of transparency, the presence of poor comprehensiveness and integration and a lack of accountability. District governments also face severe inefficiencies in PEM that are created by delays in the budget approval processes. The introduction of market-based practices in PEM of the district governments studied has been unable to prevent potential opportunistic political behaviour. This has led to failure in reducing or eliminating the costs of negotiating and enforcing political agreements in allocating public resources by policy makers, since the budget can be viewed as a contract. These findings reinforce the criticism that the applicability of the PEM technique is country-specific. Proper institutional arrangements that address an Indonesia-specific context are required for the success of PEM. Using the NIE perspective, the findings support the view that hierarchies as an alternative mode of governance are more appropriate than markets, which cannot reduce transaction costs. Results-oriented cultures of the PEM approach cause difficulty in implementing this approach due to serious measurement problems in the health service.

Good governance can only be realized in state law. One of the principle of good governance is the principle of accountability which requires all local governments accountable for their actions in governance. Accountability of local government consisting of political accountability, law and economics. Political accountability, there are two kinds of common liability in the form of regional governance that must be done once a year to the central government as the basic building material evaluation and subsequent local government and governance accountability reports to Parliament and the Government in form the public governanceas a judgment to accept or reject the report of accountability that could result in dismissal of the Local Government and the tremendous responsibility that is required by Parliament in the form requesting the information reported in the local government accountability office that could result in local governments can not be nominated for the next period. Legal liability is a liability for the actions of local governments that harm the public or other parties. Divided into two legal liability personal liability, which focuses on the functional or behavioral approach may result in a severe misuse of authority in the form of maladministration and liability positions that focus on the approach to the legality (validity) regarding the use of authority, procedure and substance. Differences in personal responsibility and liability positions at the consequences of criminal, civil, and administration. Criminal liability only relates to personal responsibility, civil liability relating to both personal responsibility and accountability responsibilities and administrative positions relating to the responsibilities of office. While the economic responsibility held in conjunction with political accountability. Keywords: Government, Governance, Accountability

The Routledge handbook of international local government

Pakistan is one of the several developing countries which identify the need for devolving power and responsibility for social delivery. For this purpose, the Local Government Ordinances and Acts have been created that established Local Bodies which are responsible for providing basic services (water supply, sanitation, streets developments, and health services) to people. it has been analysed from the research that the poor performance of local government is due to the lack of specialised education and training regarding local government system. Similarly, managing local government efficiently is essential for improved performance of local government. Management of local government is of unique characteristics. It includes the use of existing resources efficiently and effectively in meeting legitimate demands for public services. The research aims to provide ideas for making local governments more effective.