Local anaesthetic techniques in endoscopic sinonasal surgery: a contemporaneous review.

Abstract

Endoscopic endonasal surgery is a minimally invasive technique that has revolutionised the management of complex neurosurgical, otolaryngological, skull-base and craniofacial lesions. Traditionally performed under general anaesthetic, this study explores the growing role of local anaesthetic techniques. A contemporaneous review of modified dental techniques and intraoral anatomy provides a supportive guide for performing endoscopic sinus surgery under local anaesthetic. The practical procedures for four midfacial nerve blocks are described with relevance to endoscopic surgery under local anaesthetic. Anatomy, surgical technique and potential complications are discussed for the incisive foramen block, sphenopalatine ganglion block (via endonasal approach), maxillary nerve block (via the greater palatine foramen and the transoral lateral pterygoid plate approach) and transcutaneous approach to the pterygomaxillary fissure. Ultimately, such techniques may extend the safety and efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery, limit surgical risk and increase satisfaction for patients, surgeons and healthcare managers alike.