Abstract
As a result of their close similarities to the inorganic mineral components of human bone, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HAp) are widely used in biomedical applications and for the elaboration of biocompatible scaffold drug delivery systems for bone tissue engineering. In this context, a new efficient and economic procedure was used for the consolidation of n-HAp in the presence of various Nigella sativa (NS) fractions at a near-room temperature. The research conducted in the present study focuses on the physicochemical properties of loaded n-HAp 3D scaffolds by NS fractions and the in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 27853), and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 700603) bacteria. In order to better understand the effect of the inserted fractions on the HAp molecular structure, the elaborated samples were subject to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopic analyses. In addition, the morphological investigation by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the loaded n-HAp 3D scaffolds demonstrated the presence of a porous structure, which is generally required in stimulating bone regeneration. Furthermore, the fabricated 3D composites exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria. Indeed, MIC values ranging from 5 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL were found for the HAp-Ethanol fraction (HAp-Et) and HAp-Hexane fraction (HAp-Hex), while the HAp-Aqueous fraction (HAp-Aq) and HAp-Methanol fraction (HAp-Me) showed values between 20 mg/mL and 30 mg/mL on the different strains. These results suggest that the HAp-NS scaffolds were effective as a drug delivery system and have very promising applications in bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Calcium phosphate biomaterials are widely adopted in the reconstruction of large bone defects, which improves the health state of patients every day
The current study focuses on the antibacterial activity of Nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) 3D scaffolds loaded with different Nigella sativa (NS) fractions
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were successfully consolidated in the presence of various NS fractions
Summary
Calcium phosphate biomaterials are widely adopted in the reconstruction of large bone defects, which improves the health state of patients every day. N-HAp is thermodynamically unstable at an extremely high sintering temperature, which influences, scientifically, the outstanding physicochemical and biological characteristics of the apatite phase, such as the low crystallinity and nanometric dimension of its particles [13] Using such a conventional consolidation technique, the obtained materials are crystalline, with larger grain size and reduced in vivo reactivity. A novel approach at a near-room temperature was adopted to elaborate a highly biodegradable and biocompatible composite material based on n-HAp and sodium silicate glass (SSG) [14] In this new method, a sodium silicate solution is used as a mineral binder to consolidate n-HAp while preserving their chemical and structural characteristics with a three-dimensional structure that possesses the adequate macro- and micro-porosities and mechanical profile that are required for bone-healing applications. The cytocompatibility tests assessed by cell viability and morphology proved that the n-HAp/SSG has a non-toxic effect and can show enhanced cell proliferation
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