Abstract
ABSTRACT To determine the concentration of benzene series (BTEX) compounds, 33 samples were collected from indoor air of Ghalyan cafés (GHC), cigarette cafés (CC) and smoking-free cafés (SFC) in Bushehr city, Iran, and analyzed using gas-chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results of this study indicated that the mean±SD values of ΣBTEX in GHC, CC and SFC cafés were 19.46 ± 6.07, 11.34 ± 5.21 and 2.26 ± 0.76 mg/m3, respectively. The mean concentration of BTEX in the cafés with fruit-flavored tobacco was significantly higher than those in traditional cafés (p < 0.05). According to path analysis, the number of active waterpipe heads had the maximum impact on the production of pollutants inside the cafés. The results also indicated that the risk of exposure to BTEX in smoking cafés in Bushehr was very high; it can develop serious carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks.
Highlights
In academic and scientific communities, concerns over indoor air pollution have increased, and various researchers have directed their attention to investigating the effects of indoor air pollution on human health [1,2]
The ΣBTEX lied within the range of 11.98–31.45 with a mean of 19.64 mg/m3 in Ghalyan cafés (GHC), 2.45–15.32 with a mean of 11.34 mg/m3 in cigarette cafés (CC) and 0.88–3.51 with a mean of 2.26 mg/m3 in smoking-free cafés (SFC)
The present study has been the first to investigate the concentration of BTEX compounds and assess the risk of exposure to them in the indoor air of GHC, CC and SFC in Bushehr City and had some limitations, it offered valuable results
Summary
In academic and scientific communities, concerns over indoor air pollution have increased, and various researchers have directed their attention to investigating the effects of indoor air pollution on human health [1,2] This interest is due to the fact that most people spend ~85% of their time inside buildings (houses and workplaces), and are exposed to toxic substances via inhalation, skin contact or ingestion of air pollutants [3,4]. Tobacco smoking cafés have extensive detrimental effects on the health of individuals residing in them because of the high and various concentrations of air pollutants which are observed in these indoors [6]. In these cafés, tobacco products are served in different forms. The produced smoke is bubbled inside a water bowl, and it is inhaled by the consumer through an opening that is attached to the upper part of the bowl through a tube [8]
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