Abstract
In order to attract more flexible resource to take part in integrated demand response (IDR), this can be realized by introducing load aggregator-based framework. In this paper, based on residential smart energy hubs (S.E. Hubs), a two-level IDR framework is proposed, in which S.E. Hub operators play the role of load aggregators. The framework includes day-ahead bidding and real-time scheduling. In day-ahead bidding, S.E. Hub operators have to compete dispatching amount for maximal profit; hence, noncooperative game approach is formulated to describe the competition behavior among operators. In real-time scheduling, the dispatching model is formulated to minimize the error between real-time scheduling amount and bidding amount. Moreover, in order to reduce the influence of IDR on residential users, 4 categories of users’ flexible loads are modeled according to load consumption characteristic, and then these models are considered as the constraints in real-time scheduling. A case study is designed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed two-level IDR framework. And simulation results confirm that smart grid, S.E. Hub operators, and residential users can benefit simultaneously.
Highlights
In recent years, energy demand in all walks is increased rapidly due to the development of economy and society
In peak energy demand hours, tense situation of supply and demand happens from time to time, which affects the stability of smart grid
In residential demand side, since demand response (DR) resource level for single residential user is too low to participate in the DR, too much flexible resource is wasted in residential demand side
Summary
Energy demand in all walks is increased rapidly due to the development of economy and society. In residential demand side, since DR resource level for single residential user is too low to participate in the DR, too much flexible resource is wasted in residential demand side Based on such background, the concept of load aggregator (LA) gradually appears, whose role is mainly to integrate DR resource to participate in the grid dispatching [5]. (2) A two-level dispatching architecture is formulated to reduce electricity demand in peak hours, in which day-ahead bidding amount is optimized with noncooperative game and real-time scheduling is performed based on the consumption characteristic of appliances. (3) Thirdly, in real-time scheduling, each S.E. Hub operator will dispatch users’ load according to bidding result by controlling the operation state of household appliances. Since consumption characteristics of different household appliances are fully considered in real-time scheduling, users will not be influenced greatly when flexible loads are controlled by S.E. Hub operator
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