Abstract
Available systemic treatment options for cancers of the genitourinary system have experienced great progress in the last decade. However, a large proportion of patients eventually develop resistance to treatment, resulting in disease progression and shorter overall survival. Biomarkers indicating the increasing resistance to cancer therapies are yet to enter clinical routine. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are non-protein coding RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that exert multiple types of regulatory functions of all known cellular processes. Increasing evidence supports the role of lncRNAs in cancer development and progression. Additionally, their involvement in the development of drug resistance across various cancer entities, including genitourinary malignancies, are starting to be discovered. Consequently, lncRNAs have been suggested as factors in novel therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance in cancer. In this review, the existing evidences on lncRNAs and their involvement in mechanisms of drug resistance in cancers of the genitourinary system, including renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer, will be highlighted and discussed to facilitate and encourage further research in this field. We summarize a significant number of lncRNAs with proposed pathways in drug resistance and available reported studies.
Highlights
Cancers of the genitourinary system, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), bladder cancer (BC), prostate cancer (PCa), and testicular cancer (TC) add up to being responsible for 626,000 cancer related deaths worldwide each year
In gemcitabine-resistant BC cells, a high level of this Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) led to the upregulation of known genes that are associated with drug resistance, such as multidrug resistance1 (MDR1), MRP2, LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), or ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 3 (ABCC3) protein [25]
The bioinformatic analysis in this study identified miR-143 as the intersection between FOXD2-AS1 and ABCC3, as miR-143 is predicted to target the ABCC3 30 -UTR and at the same time matched with FOXD2-AS130 -UTRs
Summary
Cancers of the genitourinary system, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), bladder cancer (BC), prostate cancer (PCa), and testicular cancer (TC) add up to being responsible for 626,000 cancer related deaths worldwide each year. Together they account for about 14% of all malignancies, respectively [1]. Resistance to systemic cancer therapy is a great obstacle in cancer treatment and represents a complex process involving genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. We give a comprehensive overview of the existing evidence on the mechanisms of drug resistance involving lncRNAs in cancers of the genitourinary system as they may represent future therapeutic targets (Table 1)
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