Abstract
The energy levels of Ln3+ 4f ground states in CaTiO3 are analyzed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Ln 4f states in the XPS spectra are extracted utilizing large photoionization cross section differences between Ln 4f and O 2p states. The Ln3+ 4f energy levels referred to the valence band maximum are evaluated to be 0.8 eV for Pr3+, −5.0 eV for Gd3+, 0.9 eV for Tb3+, and −4.6 eV for Lu3+ from the extracted XPS spectra. Although the obtained values of Gd3+ and Lu3+ 4f levels are deeper in the valence band, the values of Pr3+ and Tb3+ 4f levels are in good agreement with those reported previously. The difference in the photoluminescence colors between Pr3+‐doped CaTiO3 and CaZrO3 is simply explained from the Pr3+ 4f energy levels located in the bandgaps.
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