Abstract
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs), aimed at reducing the diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic, have dramatically influenced our everyday behaviour. In this work, we study how individuals adapted their daily movements and person-to-person contact patterns over time in response to the NPIs. We leverage longitudinal GPS mobility data of hundreds of thousands of anonymous individuals to empirically show and quantify the dramatic disruption in people’s mobility habits and social behaviour. We find that local interventions did not just impact the number of visits to different venues but also how people experience them. Individuals spend less time in venues, preferring simpler and more predictable routines, also reducing person-to-person contacts. Moreover, we find that the individual patterns of visits are influenced by the strength of the NPIs policies, the local severity of the pandemic and a risk adaptation factor, which increases the people’s mobility regardless of the stringency of interventions. Finally, despite the gradual recovery in visit patterns, we find that individuals continue to keep person-to-person contacts low. This apparent conflict hints that the evolution of policy adherence should be carefully addressed by policymakers, epidemiologists and mobility experts.
Highlights
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs), aimed at reducing the diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic, have dramatically influenced our everyday behaviour
The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted many countries to implement a diverse set of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) such as international travel restrictions, physical distancing mandates, closures of business venues, and stay-at-home orders to prevent the spread of the virus[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Stop locations are described as tuples, where an individual stays in a particular location with latitude and longitude from start-time to endtime. lat and lon are the mean latitude and longitude values of the GPS points found within the specified distance of 65 meters
Summary
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs), aimed at reducing the diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic, have dramatically influenced our everyday behaviour. The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted many countries to implement a diverse set of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) such as international travel restrictions, physical distancing mandates, closures of business venues, and stay-at-home orders to prevent the spread of the virus[1,2,3,4,5,6,7] These policies have had a profound impact on numerous aspects of human life including e mployment8,9, economy[10,11,12,13] and people’s social b ehaviour[14,15,16,17]. Model, and compare individual’s mobility in four US states, including those with the highest and lowest values of daily COVID-19 death rate and NPIs stringency: Arizona (many deaths and low stringency), Oklahoma (few deaths and low stringency), Kentucky (few deaths and high stringency), and New York (many deaths and high stringency) (see SI Section S5 for details)
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