Living Images: A Recursive Approach to Computing the Structural Beauty of Images or the Livingness of Space

Abstract

According to Gestalt theory, any image is perceived subconsciously as a coherent structure (or whole) with two contrast substructures: figure and ground. The figure consists of numerous autogenerated substructures with an inherent hierarchy of far more smalls than larges. Through these substructures, the structural beauty of an image (L), or equivalently the livingness of space, can be computed by the multiplication of the number of substructures (S) and their inherent hierarchy (H). This definition implies that the more substructures something has, the more living or more structurally beautiful it is, and the higher the hierarchy of the substructures, the more living or more structurally beautiful. This is the nonrecursive approach to the structural beauty of images or the livingness of space. In this article we develop a recursive approach, which derives all substructures of an image (instead of its figure) and continues the deriving process for those decomposable substructures until none of them are decomposable. All of the substructures derived at different iterations (or recursive levels) together constitute a living structure; hence the notion of living images. We have applied the recursive approach to a set of images that have been previously studied in the literature and found that (1) the number of substructures of an image is far lower (3 percent on average) than the number of pixels and the centroids of the substructures can effectively capture the skeleton or saliency of the image; (2) all the images have a recursive level more than four, indicating that they are indeed living images; (3) no more than 3 percent of the substructures are decomposable, implying that a vast amount of the substructures are not decomposable; (4) structural beauty can be well measured by the recursively defined substructures, as well as their decomposable subsets. Despite a slightly higher computational cost, the recursive approach is proven to be more robust than the nonrecursive approach. The recursive approach and the nonrecursive approach both provide a powerful means to study the livingness or vitality of space in cities and communities.