Abstract
BackgroundLivestock-Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) belonging to ST398 lineage, common among pigs and other animals, emerged in Central and Northern Europe, becoming a new risk factor for MRSA among farm workers. Strains belonging to ST398 can be responsible for human colonization and infection, mainly in areas with high livestock-farming. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) human colonization and infections in an area of the Lombardy Region (Italy), the Italian region with the highest density of pig farming.MethodsIn the period March-April 2010, 879 nasal swabs were taken from subjects at admission to a local hospital serving an area of the Lombardy Region devoted to agriculture and farming. In the period March 2010-February 2011, all MRSA strains from community-acquired infection (CAI) observed in the same hospital, were collected. Molecular characterization of the isolates included SCCmec typing, spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).ResultsOut of 879 nasal swabs examined, 9 (1%) yielded MRSA. Five strains were assigned to sequence type (ST)398 (spa t899, 3 isolates; t108 and t2922, 1 isolate each) and were therefore categorized as LA-MRSA. The other 4 isolates were likely of hospital origin. No strains were positive for Panton-Valentine Leukocidin genes. Twenty MRSA isolates were detected from CAI, 17 were from skin and soft-tissue infections and 3 from other infections. An MRSA isolate from otitis externa was t899/ST398 and PVL-negative, hence categorized as LA-MRSA. Four isolates were assigned to t127/ST1. Eight strains were PVL-positive community acquired (CA)-MRSA and belonged to different clones, the most frequent being ST8.ConclusionsIn an area of Italy with high density of pig farming, LA-MRSA is able to colonize the population and rarely to produce infections. Typical CA-MRSA is more common than LA-MRSA among CAI.
Highlights
Livestock-Associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (LA-MRSA) belonging to ST398 lineage, common among pigs and other animals, emerged in Central and Northern Europe, becoming a new risk factor for MRSA among farm workers
In the colonization study, 9 out of 879 patients (1%) subjected to nasal screening prior to hospitalization were positive for MRSA
None of the colonizing strains was positive for Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes
Summary
Livestock-Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) belonging to ST398 lineage, common among pigs and other animals, emerged in Central and Northern Europe, becoming a new risk factor for MRSA among farm workers. Starting from the last decade, MRSA epidemiology largely changed, due to the emergence of new MRSA lineages, responsible for infections occurring in the community among patients without known risks factors for the acquisition of MRSA and without previous hospital contacts [3] These strains, defined community acquired (CA)-MRSA, are mainly responsible for skin and softtissue infections (SSTI), deep-seated infections such as necrotizing pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis, have been reported [3,4]. The emergence of an MRSA clone colonizing pigs and, more rarely, other farm animals (cattle and poultry) have been reported in Europe [8,9,10] These strains, designated livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA and belonging to sequence type (ST)398, were mostly found in countries with high density of pig farming such as the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany [11,12]. Farmers’ family members, who are not in direct contact with pigs, were colonized at a lower frequency than the farm workers, indicating that inter-human transmission may occur [15]
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