Abstract
Research on liver cancer prevention and treatment has mainly focused on the liver cancer cells themselves. Currently, liver cancers are no longer viewed as only collections of genetically altered cells but as aberrant organs with a plastic stroma, matrix, and vasculature. Improving the microenvironment of the liver to promote liver regeneration and repair by affecting immune function, inflammation and vasculature can regulate the dynamic imbalance between normal liver regeneration and repair and abnormal liver regeneration, thus improving the microenvironment of liver regeneration for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer. This review addresses the basic theory of the liver regeneration microenvironment, including the latest findings on immunity, inflammation and vasculature. Attention is given to the potential design of molecular targets in the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In an effort to improve the liver regeneration microenvironment of HCC, researchers have extensively utilized the enhancement of immunity, anti-inflammation and the vasculature niche, which are discussed in detail in this review. In addition, the authors summarize the latest pro-fibrotic transition characteristics of the vascular niche and review potential cell therapies for liver disease.
Highlights
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is known to affect several million individuals
Chronic hepatitis is associated with unresolved inflammation, which contributes to liver injury and concurrent regeneration, giving rise to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [4, 5, 6]
We summarize the differences and similarities between the liver regeneration microenvironment and immunity, inflammation and the vascular environment during liver cancer development
Summary
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is known to affect several million individuals. Large amounts of cytokines produced by NKT cells have multiple functions in liver regeneration and immune responses [23]. All of the results suggest that NKT cells affect liver regeneration by influencing the inflammatory hepatic microenvironment.
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