Abstract
Sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) has been attracting much attention these days because of the close linkage to adverse outcomes. LC can be related to secondary sarcopenia due to protein metabolic disorders and energy metabolic disorders. LC is associated with profound alterations in gut microbiota and injuries at the different levels of defensive mechanisms of the intestinal barrier. Dysbiosis refers to a state in which the diversity of gut microbiota is decreased by decreasing the bacterial species and the number of bacteria that compose the gut microbiota. The severe disturbance of intestinal barrier in LC can result in dysbiosis, several bacterial infections, LC-related complications, and sarcopenia. Here in this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between sarcopenia and dysbiosis in patients with LC.
Highlights
Gut–Liver Axis and DysbiosisVarious immune cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, etc., are constantly present [1,2]
It has been revealed that various intestinal bacteria inhabit the colon, and they play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the human body [6]
Dysbiosis refers to a state in which the diversity of gut microbiota (GM) is decreased by decreasing the bacterial species and the number of bacteria that compose the GM [8,9,10,11]
Summary
Various immune cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, etc., are constantly present [1,2]. A secondary barrier consisting of macrophages, T cells, and B cells present in the lamina propria will respond to their invasion (the biological barrier, Table 1 and Figure 1). A large number of Kupffer cells (liver macrophages) are present in the sinusoidal blood vessels of the liver (the final barrier) to create a unique immune system [4]. In this way, the gastrointestinal tract and liver cooperate to participate in biological defense (gut–liver axis) [4,5]. In Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel Cdilsoestarsidesiu[m13d,1if4fi]c,ilbeuint faelcstoioinn adnisdoirndfelarms omthaetorrtyhbaonwineltdhiesegaassetsro[1in3t,e1s4t]i,nbaulttaralscot iinncdliusdoirndgerosboetshietyr t[h1a5n], ianlletrhgey [g1a6s]t,raosinthtemstain[1a7l ],traaucttisimnc[l1u8d],inagndoabuetsoitiymm[1u5]n,eadlliesergayses[1[169],],aitsthhams abe[e1n7]p,oainutteisdmou[t1t8h],atatnhde aGuMtoiismdmisutunrebdediseaansdesth[e19d]i,vietrshiatys ibsedeencrpeoaisnetded(i.oe.u, tdythsabtiotshies).GM is disturbed and the diversity is decreased (i.e., dysbiosis)
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