Lithium-Rich Mineral Water is a Highly Bioavailable Lithium Source for Human Consumption.

Abstract

Lithium is an important trace element in human nutrition and medicine. Mineral and medicinal waters may represent a significant source of dietary lithium intake. The lithium concentration of 360 German mineral and 21 medicinal waters is determined. Based on a systematic screening, three different mineral waters exhibiting low (1.7 µg L-1 ), medium (171 µg L-1 ), and high lithium (1724 µg L-1 ) concentrations are chosen for an acute bioavailability study in male healthy volunteers. In Germany, a north-east to south-west gradient of analyzed lithium concentrations is observed in the 381 tested waters. The lithium concentration in the water is significantly correlated with its sodium (r = 0. 810), potassium (r=0.716), and magnesium (r= 0.361), but not with its calcium concentration. In a randomized cross-over trial, volunteers (n = 3×10 each) drink 1.5L of the respective mineral waters, and lithium concentrations in serum and urine are monitored over 24 h. Consumption of the mineral waters with a medium and high lithium content results in a dose-dependent response in serum lithium concentrations and total urinary lithium excretion. Lithium-rich mineral and medicinal waters may be an important and highly bioavailable lithium source for human consumption.