Abstract
Understanding the aging mechanism for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) is crucial for optimizing the battery operation in real-life applications. This article gives a systematic description of the LiBs aging in real-life electric vehicle (EV) applications. First, the characteristics of the common EVs and the lithium-ion chemistries used in these applications are described. The battery operation in EVs is then classified into three modes: charging, standby, and driving, which are subsequently described. Finally, the aging behavior of LiBs in the actual charging, standby, and driving modes are reviewed, and the influence of different working conditions are considered. The degradation mechanisms of cathode, electrolyte, and anode during those processes are also discussed. Thus, a systematic analysis of the aging mechanisms of LiBs in real-life EV applications is achieved, providing practical guidance, methods to prolong the battery life for users, battery designers, vehicle manufacturers, and material recovery companies.
Highlights
Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: AnLithium-ion batteries (LiBs) with high energy density are receiving increasing attention because of their environmental friendliness and are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide [1]
In order to address this gap, in this paper, we review the NMC and NCA battery operation, degradation, and the corresponding aging mechanisms in real-life-EV use
In [38], the authors found that the cycle life is similar to the battery when charged by CC-CV method; according to the results presented in [41], there is no overall agreement regarding the positive and/or negative effects on battery performance and lifetime of the pulsed charging methods
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) with high energy density are receiving increasing attention because of their environmental friendliness and are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide [1]. Battery degradation problems, such as capacity fading and internal resistance increasing, inevitably occur with time and use. A review is necessary in order to systematically and comprehensively describe the aging of LiBs in EVs. Many reviews on battery aging have been published presenting the battery degradation and aging mechanisms. In order to address this gap, in this paper, we review the NMC and NCA battery operation, degradation, and the corresponding aging mechanisms in real-life-EV use
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