Abstract
Abstract. In this work, various Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery models are evaluated according to their accuracy, complexity and physical interpretability. An initial classification into physical, empirical and abstract models is introduced. Also known as white, black and grey boxes, respectively, the nature and characteristics of these model types are compared. Since the Li-ion battery cell is a thermo-electro-chemical system, the models are either in the thermal or in the electrochemical state-space. Physical models attempt to capture key features of the physical process inside the cell. Empirical models describe the system with empirical parameters offering poor analytical, whereas abstract models provide an alternative representation. In addition, a model selection guideline is proposed based on applications and design requirements. A complex model with a detailed analytical insight is of use for battery designers but impractical for real-time applications and in situ diagnosis. In automotive applications, an abstract model reproducing the battery behavior in an equivalent but more practical form, mainly as an equivalent circuit diagram, is recommended for the purpose of battery management. As a general rule, a trade-off should be reached between the high fidelity and the computational feasibility. Especially if the model is embedded in a real-time monitoring unit such as a microprocessor or a FPGA, the calculation time and memory requirements rise dramatically with a higher number of parameters. Moreover, examples of equivalent circuit models of Lithium-ion batteries are covered. Equivalent circuit topologies are introduced and compared according to the previously introduced criteria. An experimental sequence to model a 20 Ah cell is presented and the results are used for the purposes of powerline communication.
Highlights
Modern electronics come with significant energy consumption costs
In 2013, five billion Li-ion cells were sold worldwide; modern technologies store twice as much energy per weight as the first commercial versions introduced by Sony in 1991 (Van Noorden, 2014)
This paper presents a comparative study of various Li-ion battery cells, according to welldefined criteria
Summary
Modern electronics come with significant energy consumption costs. Features like colorful displays, powerful processors and wireless communication are energy-hungry (Rao et al, 2003; Hu et al, 2012). The designations of the electrodes as anode and cathode are relative and are used alternately, depending on whether the cell is in the charging or discharging cycle. In both cases, a reduction–oxidation (redox) reaction is responsible for the current flow. Possible applications of models are the optimization of battery management, i.a. cell scheduling algorithms and the shaping of the discharge profile of the battery under performance constraints This enables the maximization of the battery life time by trading off performance using information about the State of Charge (SoC).
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