Lithium-Ion Capacitor Lifetime Extension through an Optimal Thermal Management System for Smart Grid Applications

Danial Karimi,Md Hosen,Joeri Van Mierlo,Maitane Berecibar,Mohsen Akbarzadeh,Sahar Khaleghi,Hamidreza Beheshti,Hamidreza Behi

doi:10.3390/en14102907

Danial Karimi, Md Hosen + Show 6 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102907

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Journal: Energies	Publication Date: May 18, 2021
Citations: 30	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Flanders Make (Belgium)

Abstract

A lithium-ion capacitor (LiC) is one of the most promising technologies for grid applications, which combines the energy storage mechanism of an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) and a lithium-ion battery (LiB). This article presents an optimal thermal management system (TMS) to extend the end of life (EoL) of LiC technology considering different active and passive cooling methods. The impact of different operating conditions and stress factors such as high temperature on the LiC capacity degradation is investigated. Later, optimal passive TMS employing a heat pipe cooling system (HPCS) is developed to control the LiC cell temperature. Finally, the effect of the proposed TMS on the lifetime extension of the LiC is explained. Moreover, this trend is compared to the active cooling system using liquid-cooled TMS (LCTMS). The results demonstrate that the LiC cell temperature can be controlled by employing a proper TMS during the cycle aging test under 150 A current rate. The cell’s top surface temperature is reduced by 11.7% using the HPCS. Moreover, by controlling the temperature of the cell at around 32.5 and 48.8 °C, the lifetime of the LiC would be extended by 51.7% and 16.5%, respectively, compared to the cycling of the LiC under natural convection (NC). In addition, the capacity degradation for the NC, HPCS, and LCTMS case studies are 90.4%, 92.5%, and 94.2%, respectively.

Highlights

The growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has been significantly enhanced due to the reduction of emissions and the beneficial impacts on global warming [1]
Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) are high power energy storage systems with long lifetime, but they suffer from low energy density [6]
The lithium-ion capacitors (LiC) technology is a hybrid energy storage system consisting of doped graphite similar to lithium-ion batteries (LiB) anode material, activated carbon (AC) like electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) cathode material, and an organic electrolyte [12]

Summary

Introduction

The growth of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has been significantly enhanced due to the reduction of emissions and the beneficial impacts on global warming [1]. Electrical energy storage systems that are known as batteries are the most crucial part of EVs and HEVs [2]. Among all types of batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LiB) are popular due to their high energy density and long cyclic life [3]. LiBs suffer from lifetime degradation when used as a simultaneously efficient energy source in high temperatures [5]. Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC) are high power energy storage systems with long lifetime, but they suffer from low energy density [6]. Lithium-ion capacitors (LiC) have been revealed and commercialized by several manufacturers that combine favorable properties of EDLCs and LiBs [7]. The LiC has longer cycle life and higher power density compared to LiBs [8]. The LiC is an ideal choice for many applications, comprising HEVs and EVs for peak power shaving [9], regenerative braking [10], and grid applications [11]

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