Abstract
Safety issues concerning the use of large lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electrified vehicles are discussed based on the abuse test results of Li-ion cells together with safety devices for cells. The presented abuse tests are: overcharge, short circuit, propane fire test and external heating test (oven). It was found that in a fire, cells with higher state of charge (SOC) gave a higher heat release rate (HRR), while the total heat release (THR) had a lower correlation with SOC. One fire test resulted in a hazardous projectile from a cylindrical cell. In the fire tests, toxic gas emissions of hydrogen fluoride (HF) were measured for 100%, 50% and 0% SOC.
Highlights
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology can enable a broad introduction of electrified vehicles, mainly due to its high energy capacity
Mass media attention was high on the Fisker Karma fires even though other vehicles including other plug-in hybrid EV (PHEV)/hybrid electric vehicles (EVs) (HEVs) burnt
This paper focuses mainly on carbon-LFP cells, which are currently seen as state of the art on the market when it comes to safety, many battery systems for automotive applications use less stable chemistries in order to obtain, e.g., higher energy density
Summary
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology can enable a broad introduction of electrified vehicles, mainly due to its high energy capacity. With the increased number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads, the safety issues surrounding Li-ion technology have become more important, taking into consideration the large size of the batteries in automotive applications. Notable EV fires include three car fires involving the battery EV (BEV) Tesla Model S that occurred in 2013. Mass media attention was high on the Fisker Karma fires even though other vehicles including other PHEVs/hybrid EVs (HEVs) burnt. Prior to Hurricane Sandy, some other fire incidents occurred involving Fisker Karma, one of them outside a supermarket shortly after the driver left the car. These incidents are examples where EV fires have been the focus of the mass media. Abuse test results from cell level are presented and their impact is discussed on battery system and vehicle level
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