Lithium in Giants

Abstract

In the standard stellar model, lithium burning does not occur during the first-ascent giant branch phase. The surface lithium abundance in a first-ascent or clump giant is thus the product of the lithium abundance of its main sequence progenitor and subsequent dilution by the deepening convective envelope. Iben’s (1967a, b) early calculations predicted that the dilution factor would vary between a factor of about 28 in a 1 M⊙ star to a factor of 60 in a 5 M⊙ star. More recent calculations with improved physics show remarkably little change in these predicted dilution factors (Pinson-neault, pvt. comm.). Since Li only survives in the outer 2-3 % by mass of a main sequence star, the maximum redgiant ∼ abundance is predicted to be ∼ log e(Li)=1.5 to within a factor of two. Even lower abundances will result if surface Li is destroyed during the main sequence phase. Lithium depletion on the main sequence has been well documented in stars of spectral type mid-F and later and have been explained by a variety of non-standard mechanisms (e.g., rotation, diffusion and turbulence). Mixing induced by such mechanisms is not expected in high-mass stars (M⊙ > 1.5) which have insignificant surface convection. Yet recent observations reveal that non-standard processes may be at work in these stars as well.Lithium abundances far below the predicted maximum value are seen in high-mass cluster giants, and in some clusters large spreads in Li are observed in giants of roughly the same mass (Gilroy 1989). If, in concordance with the standard-model prediction, one assumes that Li burning on the giant branch is unlikely, then both the destruction and the scatter of Li must be accounted for on the main sequence. Since the surface convection zones are insignificant, other forms of Li-loss (e.g. mass loss, meridional circulation) may have to be resorted to. Unfortunately the main sequence progenitors of most of these giants are too hot to have a measurable Li I feature, but observations of field late-A stars by Burkhart and Coupry (1991) reveal some evidence for surface Li-loss. Follow-up observations of Li inclusters, and Be and B abundance determinations would be useful. Lithium burning on the giant branch should be investigated theoretically.