Abstract
Context. Open clusters provide unambiguous clues to understand the evolution of 7Li at the surface of low-mass stars and its possible correlation with stellar rotation, which is a challenge for both stellar hydrodynamics and Galactic chemical evolution. Aims. We aim to quantify the efficiency of the transport processes for both angular momentum and chemicals that are required to explain simultaneously the observed behaviour of surface 7Li (and 9Be) and rotation as well as the internal rotation profiles inferred from helio- and asteroseismology in F- and G-type main sequence stars. Methods. We apply the model for the transport of angular momentum and chemicals that we tailored in a previous work for solar-type stars to an extended range of initial masses and metallicities corresponding to F- an G-type stars in a sample of 20 Galactic open clusters. We evaluate its ability to explain the 7Li, 9Be, and rotation periods observations. This model includes atomic diffusion, rotation-induced processes (for which we tested different prescriptions for shear turbulence), penetrative convection with a rotational dependence, parametric viscosity and turbulence, and magnetic braking. Results. Over the entire range of masses, metallicities, and ages explored, we reproduce the evolution of the surface rotation rates and predict, for the first time, the observed anti-correlation between the surface rotation rate and 7Li depletion as a consequence of the penetrative convection prescription. The 7Li behaviour and its evolution with time is well reproduced for G-type stars. However, the ability of the model to reproduce the so-called 7Li dip centred around ∼6600 K strongly depends on the adopted prescriptions for shear turbulence. It also requires a stellar mass dependence for the parametric viscosity adopted for the transport of angular momentum, similar to the behaviour predicted for the generation and luminosity of internal gravity waves generated by stellar convective envelopes. Finally, the model predicts internal rotation profiles in good agreement with asteroseismic constraints in main sequence stars. Conclusions. We provide an efficient way to model G-type stars of different ages and metallicities successfully. However, the 7Li and 9Be dip constraints urgently call for further hydrodynamical studies to better model turbulence in stars, and for the exploration of physical processes such as tachocline mixing for the transport of chemicals and internal gravity waves for the transport of angular momentum. Finally, additional data for the internal rotation and for 9Be in main sequence low-mass stars are definitively needed.
Highlights
Understanding the evolution of 7Li in low-mass stars is one of the main challenges for stellar and Galactic astrophysics
We aim to quantify the efficiency of the transport processes for both angular momentum and chemicals that are required to explain simultaneously the observed behaviour of surface 7Li and rotation as well as the internal rotation profiles inferred from helio- and asteroseismology in F- and G-type main sequence stars
We apply the model for the transport of angular momentum and chemicals that we tailored in a previous work for solartype stars to an extended range of initial masses and metallicities corresponding to F- an G-type stars in a sample of 20 Galactic open clusters
Summary
Understanding the evolution of 7Li (hereafter Li) in low-mass stars is one of the main challenges for stellar and Galactic astrophysics. The convective envelope is deep enough to reach the Li-burning temperature, which happens only for less massive stars (i.e., below ∼0.9–1.0 M at solar metallicity; e.g., Bodenheimer 1965; Pinsonneault 1997) It does not predict any further surface Li variation until the first dredge-up occurs after the stars leave the main sequence (MS), in striking contrast with the observational evidence of the steepening along the main sequence of the Li-Teff trend of the cool side of the Li dip and of the Li dip itself. We explore the chemical and rotational evolution of low-mass stars on the PMS and the MS for different stellar masses and metallicities that cover the range of Galactic open clusters with ages between 5 Myrs and 4 Gyrs.
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