Abstract
Abstract Liquids and Solids introduce basic physical properties of liquids and solids. An overview of the liquid state is presented, with reference to polar covalent bonds and dipole moment. The effects of temperature on the vapour pressure of a liquid are described, including the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which can be used to calculate the vapour pressure of a liquid at various temperatures. The chapter reviews the types of solids including their chemical structures and properties. The crystal lattice system and the unit cell relationships for the seven types of crystal lattice structures and the four substructures are examined. Guidelines for determining the number of atoms in a unit cell, including calculations involving unit cell dimensions, are explained. The ionic crystal structure, radius ratio rule for the ionic compounds and determination of crystal structure by X-ray diffraction and Bragg’s equation are covered.
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