Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped activated carbon powder were synthesized using an innovative plasma-in-liquid method, called the liquid phase plasma (LPP) method. Nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) was prepared by a primary LPP reaction using an ammonium chloride reactant solution, and an iron oxide/NC composite (IONCC) was prepared by a secondary LPP reaction using an iron chloride reactant solution. The nitrogen component at 3.77 at. % formed uniformly over the activated carbon (AC) surface after a 1 h LPP reaction. Iron oxide nanoparticles, 40~100 nm in size, were impregnated homogeneously over the NC surface after the LPP reaction, and were identified as Fe3O4 by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. NC and IONCCs exhibited pseudo-capacitive characteristics, and their specific capacitance and cycling stability were superior to those of bare AC. The nitrogen content on the NC surface increased the compatibility and charge transfer rate, and the composites containing iron oxide exhibited a lower equivalent series resistance.
Highlights
The hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) have attracted attention and are showing rapid growth [1,2,3]
The chemical composition and dispersibility of the iron oxide/NC composite (IONCC) prepared by the liquid phase plasma (LPP) process were measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and element-mapping attached to the FE-SEM
The sample was prepared by first fabricating a Nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) by the LPP reaction in an aqueous ammonium chloride solution, followed by a second LPP reaction at an iron chloride concentration of 10 mM
Summary
The hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) have attracted attention and are showing rapid growth [1,2,3]. Carbonaceous materials, activated carbon (AC), are the most widely used electrode materials of electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) because of their large specific surface area, size adjustment of pores, chemical stability, lower weight, low cost, excellent electrical conductivity, and environmental friendliness [17,18]. Many researchers have prepared carbon electrode materials with a high specific capacitance for EDLCs [19,20]. The plasma generated from the liquid phase has been used to synthesize metal oxide nanoparticles, which were impregnated with carbonaceous materials [28,29,30]. Carbon composites impregnated with metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a liquid phase plasma (LPP) method and applied to EDLCs [31,32,33]. The LPP method does not require the use of any additional reducing agent, and is a very simple process for producing composites in a single step [29,34]
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