Liquid Phase Microextraction Techniques as a Sample Preparation Step for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food

Abstract

Many conventional sample preparation methods are tedious, time-consuming, and use high volume of organic solvent. Minimized sample preparation methods, which use significantly smaller volume of organic solvent, represent an alternative to these methods. Three liquid phase microextraction (LPME) techniques: single drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction and a variety of its modifications are reviewed. Advantages and limitations are discussed. Extraction parameters influencing the extraction efficiency are evaluated. Applicability of LPME methods for pesticide residues analysis in various food matrices is overviewed. Determination of low-level pesticide residues was realized predominantly by chromatographic methods utilizing selective detectors. Powerful features of mass spectrometric detection for identification and determination of pesticide residues are pointed out.