Abstract
Background: Galium is a plant rich in iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and small amounts of essential oils and vitamin C. Recent works showed the antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antioxidant activity of this plant genus. Methods: For the determination of the multicomponent phenolic pattern, liquid phase microextraction procedures were applied, combined with HPLC-PDA instrument configuration in five Galium species aerial parts (G. verum, G. album, G. rivale, G. pseudoaristatum, and G. purpureum). Dispersive Liquid–Liquid MicroExtraction (DLLME) with NaCl and NAtural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) medium and Ultrasound-Assisted (UA)-DLLME with β-cyclodextrin medium were optimized. Results: The optimal DLLME conditions were found to be: 10 mg of the sample, 10% NaCl, 15% NADES or 1% β-cyclodextrin as extraction solvent—400 μL of ethyl acetate as dispersive solvent—300 μL of ethanol, vortex time—30 s, extraction time—1 min, centrifugation at 12000× g for 5 min. Conclusions: These results were compared with microwave-assisted extraction procedures. G. purpureum and G. verum extracts showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. The most potent extract in terms of antioxidant capacity was obtained from G. purpureum, whereas the extract obtained from G. album exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against tyrosinase.
Highlights
The use of plants for the treatment of human diseases is a centuries-old tradition, based on phytotherapy research as well as on ethnopharmacological knowledge
The notable increasing of extraction recovery achieved in the case of Dispersive Liquid–Liquid MicroExtraction (DLLME) in 10% NaCl and 10% NAtural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) media and UA-DLLME in 1% β-CD
The biological results showed that G. purpureum and G. verum extracts contained the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively
Summary
The use of plants for the treatment of human diseases is a centuries-old tradition, based on phytotherapy research as well as on ethnopharmacological knowledge. Galium is a well-known genus with many medicinal representatives that are rich sources of iridoid glycosides [2–4], flavonoids [5], anthraquinones [6], and small amounts of essential oils and vitamin C [7]. Recent studies showed the antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antioxidant activities of representatives of this plant genus [7,8]. The cut and dried aerial parts of the plant, ‘Herba gallii verii’, are used for homeopathic purposes. These are still used for exogenous treatment of psoriasis or as a tea with diuretic effect for the cure of pyelitis or cystitis [10]. Methods: For the determination of the multicomponent phenolic pattern, liquid phase microextraction procedures were applied, combined with HPLC-PDA instrument configuration in five Galium species aerial parts (G. verum, G. album, G. rivale, G. pseudoaristatum, and G. purpureum). The most potent extract in terms of antioxidant capacity was obtained from G. purpureum, whereas the extract obtained from G. album exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against tyrosinase
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