Liquid-film thickness and disturbance-wave characterization in a vertical, upward, two-phase annular flow of saturated R245fa inside a rectangular channel

Abstract

The liquid-film flow in a vertical, upward, two-phase annular flow of saturated R245fa is characterized experimentally under adiabatic conditions. The experiments are conducted inside a rectangular channel with a cross section of 11.6 × 36 mm2 for mass velocities ranging from 95 to 130 kg/m2s, vapor qualities from 0.63 to 0.9 and saturation temperature of 23 °C. Liquid-film thickness and disturbance-wave velocity and frequency are measured optically. Liquid-film thickness is recorded at a sampling frequency of 2000 Hz, while disturbance-wave velocity is recorded at a sampling frequency of 20 Hz. A parametric study as a function of quality and mass velocity is performed. Results show that the liquid-film thickness decreases linearly with increasing vapor quality. The liquid films investigated are very thin, and thinner than the critical liquid-film thickness below which momentum and mass transport are no longer driven by disturbance waves. Indeed, at high vapor quality, when the liquid film is very thin, the liquid-vapor interface becomes smoother and disturbance waves slow down and vanish. The frictional pressure gradient increases with quality until it reaches a peak. Results suggest that the subsequent decrease in pressure gradient is closely linked to the disappearance of disturbance waves. For the range of studied operating conditions, the frequency of disturbance waves remains constant within the uncertainty of the measurements. Experimental data is compared with prediction methods from the literature. Although reasonable predictions were obtained for the liquid film thickness, none of the tested methods could predict disturbance-wave velocity and frequency accurately.