Abstract
Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams with a spiral phase (optical vortex), which feature orbital angular momenta, and vector beams (VBs) with an axially symmetric spatial polarization distribution exhibit properties different from those of conventional Gaussian beam. In this article, we introduce LG beams and VBs. Next, we explain the generation of LG beams and VBs using liquid-crystal devices. Subsequently, we report the super-resolution observation of biological samples and our observation of a PNLC (Polymer network liquid crystal) network structure using a laser scanning microscope, which comprises a liquid crystal LG-VB generator. Finally, we discuss the conservation of spiral beams and their application to optical wireless communication.
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