Abstract
Liquid Biopsy to Detect DNA/RNA Based Markers of Small DNA Oncogenic Viruses for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Prediction.
Highlights
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) defines a non-solid or liquid biological biopsy as follows: a test done on a sample of blood to look for cancer cells from a tumor that is circulating in the blood or for pieces of DNA from tumor cells that are in the blood
A large proportion of treated Prostate cancer (PCa) eventually develops into a hormone-independent disease that often progresses to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer [3]
The selection of patients at risk of PCa is based on a combination of blood testing for the prostate specific antigen (PSA), an enzyme produced by the prostate in either physiological or pathological conditions, and the digital rectal examination (DRE) of the organ (PSA+DRE diagnostic procedure) [6]
Summary
The quest for a single PCa marker that can identify patients with an early aggressive or a clinically significant disease and determine their prognosis is still ongoing [4]. High throughput technologies, such as quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Tissue Microarray (TMA)—Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and DNA microarray, have enhanced the detection of genetic signatures in cancer specimens. Validation studies are needed in order to implement them as clinically useful markers Their role in PCa onset and progression remain elusive. The biological tissues mainly used for the identification of PCa biomarkers are solid tissues from biopsies/tumors or non-solid tissue, such as blood. The state-ofthe-art of these procedures might be relevant to understand the modalities in use to detect small DNA viruses in this malignancy
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