Abstract
Globally, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Despite advancements in chemotherapy and targeted therapies, the 5-year survival rate has remained at 16% for the past forty years. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is described as the existence of either isolated tumour cells or circulating tumour cells in biological liquid of patients after removal of the primary tumour without any clinical signs of cancer. Recently, liquid biopsy has been promising as a non-invasive method of disease monitoring and treatment guidelines as an MRD marker. Liquid biopsy could be used to detect and assess earlier stages of NSCLC, post-treatment MRD, resistance to targeted therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tumour mutational burden. MRD surveillance has been proposed as a potential marker for lung cancer relapse. Principally, biosensors provide the quantitative analysis of various materials by converting biological functions into quantifiable signals. Biosensors are usually operated to detect antibodies, enzymes, DNA, RNA, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and whole cells. Here, we present a category of biosensors based on the signal transduction method for identifying biosensor-based biomarkers in liquid biopsy specimens to monitor lung cancer treatment.
Highlights
Today lung cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer, with an extremely high mortality rate of around 18% of all cancer-related deaths [1]
According to the TNM stage groupings, four stages determine non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) disease: Stage 0, in this stage cancer cells are found in sputum or bronchial washings, but imaging techniques or bronchoscopy cannot identify them clearly; cancer may have extended to other parts of the body; Stage I, cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes yet; Stage II, cancer has spread to the main bronchus; Stage III, cancer has spread to some parts of the body, but without any signs of metastasis; Stage IV, cancer has spread to multiple places either in one or more organs
Rapid detection of lung cancer based on liquid biopsy may overlap with treatment monitoring methods, in this paper, we focused on biosensors for liquid biopsy Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in NSCLC
Summary
Today lung cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer, with an extremely high mortality rate of around 18% of all cancer-related deaths [1]. Biopsies are more challenging for high-risk patients, individuals with early lung cancer, patients with advanced-stage disease and other conditions in which tumour tissues cannot be obtained [11,12]. Liquid biopsy is defined as sampling and analysing biomarkers such as exosomes, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and circulating free DNA (cfDNA) in primary blood or other biological fluids The abilities such as continuous monitoring, convenient, non-invasive and applicable for early prognosis have made it a leading-edge tool for the early prognosis of NSCLC. The development of sensitive, simple, low-cost and accessible patient bedside procedures (POCTs) can help to accelerate the clinical application of liquid biopsy in MRD. Rapid detection of lung cancer based on liquid biopsy may overlap with treatment monitoring methods, in this paper, we focused on biosensors for liquid biopsy MRD detection in NSCLC. Several types of biosensors for detection and monitoring are provided, along with a summary of the upcoming challenges
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