Abstract
Liquefaction-induced large ground displacements and their caused damage to buried lifeline facilities and foundations of structures during past worldwide earthquakes, such as the 1964 Niigata, 1971 San Fernando and 1999 Kocaeri, Turkey earthquakes, are introduced. The mechanism of the flow of liquefied soil, resulting in large ground displacements is discussed by case studies and experiments, and the methods to estimate the magnitude of the ground displacements are explained. Earthquake-resistant design methods of buried pipes and bridge foundations against liquefaction and liquefaction-related ground displacements, which were adopted in the design codes after the 1995 Kobe earthquake, are described. Furthermore, countermeasures and seismic reinforcement of quay walls and foundations of existing structures are introduced.
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