Abstract
A flowing-solvent liquefaction reactor with a continuous solvent sweep through a fixed bed of coal has been developed. The reactor is heated by computer-controlled direct electrical resistance heating, allowing the application of variable heating rates between 0.1 and 10 K/s to temperatures up to 450 °C and holding times at peak temperature between zero and 1600 s. In contrast to liquefaction experiments using closed (batch) reactors, where products remain within the reactor for the duration of the experiment, solubilised liquefaction products are continuously swept out of the reaction zone, thus minimising the probability of secondary reactions. The apparatus has been proved by performing liquefaction experiments on a selection of European and American coals and maceral concentrates
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