Abstract
The ingestion of excessive amounts of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and transfatty acids (TFAs) is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity. The focus of this paper was to elucidate the influence of dietary SFA and TFA intake on the promotion of lipotoxicity to the liver and cardiovascular, endothelial, and gut microbiota systems, as well as on insulin resistance and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The saturated and transfatty acids favor a proinflammatory state leading to insulin resistance. These fatty acids can be involved in several inflammatory pathways, contributing to disease progression in chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart hypertrophy as well as other metabolic and degenerative diseases. As a consequence, lipotoxicity may occur in several target organs by direct effects, represented by inflammation pathways, and through indirect effects, including an important alteration in the gut microbiota associated with endotoxemia. Interactions between these pathways may perpetuate a feedback process that exacerbates an inflammatory state. The importance of lifestyle modification, including an improved diet, is recommended as a strategy for treatment of these diseases.
Highlights
Fat is an important component of the normal human diet
SFAs are derived from animal sources, while trans fatty acids (TFAs) originate in meat and milk from ruminant animals and result from bacterial biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen [4]
It is well established that intake of SFA and TFA is a signi cant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well as in ammation, insulin resistance, and obesity. ese fatty acids induce endothelial dysfunction and an unfavorable blood lipid pro le, including increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-c and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-c levels [2, 11, 12]
Summary
Fat is an important component of the normal human diet It is a source of energy and provides essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. SFAs are derived from animal sources, while TFAs originate in meat and milk from ruminant animals and result from bacterial biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen [4]. Partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils during the industrial production of certain foods produces TFA [5]. It is well established that intake of SFA and TFA is a signi cant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well as in ammation, insulin resistance, and obesity. High SFA and TFA intake, the typical dietary pattern of western populations, favors a proin ammatory status that contributes to development of insulin resistance. Mediators of In ammation systems as well as in insulin resistance and endoplasmatic reticulum stress
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