Liposomes with High Refractive Index Encapsulants as Tunable Signal Amplification Tools in Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy.

Abstract

One major goal in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique is the reliable detection of small molecules as well as low analyte concentrations. This can be achieved by a viable signal amplification strategy. We therefore investigated optimal liposome characteristics for use as a signal enhancement system for SPR sensors, as liposomes excel not only at versatility but also at colloidal stability and ease of functionalization. These characteristics include the encapsulation of high refractive index markers, lipid composition, liposome size, and surface modifications to best match the requirements of the SPR system. Our studies of the binding of biotinylated liposomes to surface-immobilized streptavidin show that the refractive index of the encapsulant has a major influence on the SPR signal and outweighs the influence of the thin lipid bilayer. Thus, the signal amplification properties of liposomes can be adjusted to the respective needs of any analytical task by simply exchanging the encapsulant solution. In this work, a maximum enhancement factor of 23 was achieved by encapsulating a 500 mM sucrose solution. Dose-response studies with and without liposome enhancement revealed an improvement of the limit of detection from 10 nmol L(-1) to 320 pmol L(-1) streptavidin concentration with a much higher sensitivity of 3 mRIU per logarithmic unit of the concentration between 500 pmol L(-1) and 10 nmol L(-1).