Liposome-encapsulated bisphosphonates are more potent growth inhibitors of Dictyosteuum amoebae than free bisphosphonates

Abstract

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between thalassemia major (TM) and gingival inflammation through the salivary, serum, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1.Biofluid samples and full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained from 29 otherwise healthy patients with TM and 25 systemically healthy (SH) individuals. Biofluid samples were evaluated by immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) and enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs). Data were tested statistically by Kolmogorov Simirnov, Mann–Whitney U tests, Spearman correlation analysis.Age, smoking status, bleeding on probing, plaque index were similar in the study groups, but probing depth, gender data exhibited significant differences (p = 0.037 for both). Salivary MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 concentrations were significantly higher in the TM than SH group (p = 0.014; p < 0.001; p = 0.042, respectively). Serum TIMP-1 concentrations were significantly higher; MMP-8/TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1 molar ratios were significantly lower in the TM than SH group (p < 0.001; p = 0.005; p = 0.022, respectively). Very few GCF samples revealed biochemical data above the detection limits. Numerous correlations were found between clinical periodontal parameters and biochemical data.It may be suggested that TM may exacerbate the local inflammatory response as manifested in salivary MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 levels.