Abstract
Abstract Numerous workers (1-3) have shown that intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA elicits humoural and cell-mediated immune responses against the encoded antigen. It appears {2, 3) that promotion of immunity is the result of DNA uptake by muscle cells which leads to the expression and extracellular release of the antigen to be subsequently taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APC). It is also believed (3) that some of the injected DNA is taken up directly by APC. There are two main disadvantages of immunization with naked DNA. First, DNA is taken up by only a minor fraction of muscle cells which, at any rate, are not professional APC. Secondly, naked DNA is exposed to deoxyribonuclease in the interstitial fluid thus necessitating the use of relatively large quantities of DNA.
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