Abstract
Liposomes, sphere-shaped vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers, were first described in the mid-60s. Today, they are a very useful reproduction, reagent, and tool in various scientific disciplines, including mathematics and theoretical physics, biophysics, chemistry, colloid science, biochemistry, and biology. Since then, liposomes have made their way to the market. Among several talented new drug delivery systems, liposomes characterize an advanced technology to deliver active molecules to the site of action, and at present, several formulations are in clinical use. Research on liposome technology has progressed from conventional vesicles to ‘second-generation liposomes’, in which long-circulating liposomes are obtained by modulating the lipid composition, size, and charge of the vesicle. Liposomes with modified surfaces have also been developed using several molecules, such as glycolipids or sialic acid. This paper summarizes exclusively scalable techniques and focuses on strengths, respectively, limitations in respect to industrial applicability and regulatory requirements concerning liposomal drug formulations based on FDA and EMEA documents.
Highlights
Liposomes are small artificial vesicles of spherical shape that can be created from cholesterol and natural nontoxic phospholipids
It has been displayed that phospholipids impulsively form closed structures when they are hydrated in aqueous solutions
Liposomes have been used in a broad range of pharmaceutical applications
Summary
Liposomes are small artificial vesicles of spherical shape that can be created from cholesterol and natural nontoxic phospholipids. Often, the fungus exists in the cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system; the encapsulation results in reduced toxicity and passive targeting These benefits, can be associated with any colloidal drug carrier. The efficiency was in many cases compromised due to the reduced bioavailability of the drug, especially if the tumor was not phagocytic or located in the organs of mononuclear phagocytic system In some cases, such as systemic lymphoma, the effect of liposome encapsulation showed enhanced efficacy due to the continued release effect, i.e., longer presence of therapeutic concentrations in the circulation [60,61,62], while in several other cases, the sequestration of the drug into tissues of mononuclear phagocytic system reduced its efficacy. Several different formulations are in different phases of clinical studies and show mixed results
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