Lipopolysaccharide, VE-cadherin, HMGB1, and HIF-1α levels are elevated in the systemic circulation in chronic migraine patients with medication overuse headache: evidence of leaky gut and inflammation

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ObjectiveMedication overuse headache (MOH) was recently shown to be associated with leaky gut in rodents. We aimed to investigate whether chronic migraine (CM) patients with MOH have elevated lipopolysaccharide levels and inflammatory molecules in blood circulation.Materials and methodsThe study included women participants (40 CM patients with NSAID overuse headache, 35 episodic migraine (EM) patients, and 20 healthy non-headache sufferers). Migraine duration, monthly migraine headache days, MigSCog, HADS-D, HADS-A, and HIT-6 scores were recorded. Serum samples were collected to measure circulating LPS, LPS binding protein (LBP), tight junction protein occludin, adherens junction protein vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), CGRP, HMGB1, HIF-1α, IL-6, and IL-17 levels.ResultsSerum LPS, VE-Cadherin, CGRP, HIF-1α, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the CM + MOH group compared to the EM group and healthy controls while serum LBP and HMGB1 were higher in the CM + MOH group compared to healthy controls. IL-17 and occludin levels were comparable between the three groups. Serum HMGB1 levels in EM patients were higher compared to the control group. Mig-SCog and HIT-6 scores were higher in the CM + MOH group compared to EM patients. HADS-A and HADS-D scores were significantly higher in the CM + MOH group compared to EM patients and healthy controls, and they were also higher in EM patients compared to healthy subjects. LPS levels were correlated with VE-cadherin and occludin levels. The number of monthly migraine headache days was positively correlated with serum LPS, HIF-1α, VE-cadherin, and IL-6 levels, HADS-A, HADS-D, HIT-6, and MigSCog scores.ConclusionWe have evidence for the first time that CM + MOH is associated with elevated serum LPS and LBP levels suggestive of LPS leak into the systemic circulation. Higher levels of nociceptive and/or pro-inflammatory molecules such as HMGB1, HIF-1α, IL-6, and CGRP may play a role in trigeminal sensitization and neurobiology of MOH. Intestinal hyperpermeability and consequent inflammatory response should be considered as a potential contributory factor in patients with MOH.Graphical