Abstract
BackgroundThe aims of the current study were to evaluate the inflammatory response in cow uterus and to explore the molecular mechanism triggered by high concentrate-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in mid-lactating dairy cows. Twelve mid-lactating Holstein cows with an average weight of 455 kg were allocated into two groups subjected to two diets for 18-weeks either a low-concentrate (LC) group containing 4:6 (NDF: NFC) and a high-concentrate (HC) group containing 6:4 (non-forage carbohydrates, NFC): (neutral detergent fiber, NDF) ratio based on dry matter.ResultsThe HC group showed lower ruminal pH and higher lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations in both the rumen and peripheral plasma compared to the LC group. The LPS concentrations in the rumen fluid and the peripheral plasma were found significantly increased in the HC group compared to the LC group. The concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher in the HC group compared to the LC group. The uterus of SARA cows revealed elevated mRNA concentrations of nuclear transcription factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which confirmed the presence of inflammation. The occurrence of uterine inflammation was further validated by the increased protein expression of NF-κB-p65 and its active phosphorylated variant in the uterus of SARA cows. Similarly, the inflammatory genes TLR4, LBP, MyD88, TRAF-6, NF-κB, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly upregulated in the uterus of the HC versus the LC group.ConclusionTherefore, the results indicated that LPS derived from the rumen triggered the genes associated with inflammation in the uterus of mid-lactating dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet, causing endometritis.
Highlights
The aims of the current study were to evaluate the inflammatory response in cow uterus and to explore the molecular mechanism triggered by high concentrate-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in mid-lactating dairy cows
The concentration of LPS in the rumen fluid of the HC group was 79040 endotoxin units (EU)/mL, compared to 47170 EU/mL in the LC group (p < 0.01); in the peripheral plasma, the LPS level in the HC group was 860 EU/mL, whereas it was 470 EU/mL in LC group (p < 0.001), which indicated that the LPS level was significantly increased in the HC group relative to the LC group (Table 3)
Consistent with previous studies in dairy cows and feedlot, our results presented higher concentrations of LPS in the peripheral plasma (860 EU/mL) and ruminal fluid (79040 EU/mL) of cows fed a high concentrate die trelative to the peripheral plasma of the LC group [14, 36]
Summary
The aims of the current study were to evaluate the inflammatory response in cow uterus and to explore the molecular mechanism triggered by high concentrate-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in mid-lactating dairy cows. General clinical signs of SARA comprise of reduced dry matter intake (DMI), decreased ruminal pH and diarrhea [3, 4] Another crucial outcome of SARA is the decline of milk quantity and quality [2, 3], and earlier studies revealed that. The persistent consumption of a HC diet by dairy animals enhances the production of organic acids and significantly results in a decline in pH values of the rumen and intestine [5,6,7] This decrease in pH due to excessive high concentrate diet [8] may affect the alterations of the type of fermentation [9] and the structure of the microbes in the rumen [10, 11]. Due to possible alterations in permeability and disruption of the gastrointestinal barrier, LPS can be translocated into
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