Abstract
Stroke is a severe neurological disorder in humans that results from an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Worldwide, stoke affects over 100 million people each year and is the second largest contributor to disability. Dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor for stroke that is associated with an increased risk of the disease. Traditional and non-traditional lipid measures are proposed as biomarkers for the better detection of subclinical disease. In the central nervous system, lipids and lipid mediators are essential to sustain the normal brain tissue structure and function. Pathways leading to post-stroke brain deterioration include the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A variety of lipid mediators are generated from fatty acids and these molecules may have either neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects on the post-stroke brain tissue; therefore, they largely contribute to the outcome and recovery from stroke. In this review, we provide an overview of serum lipids associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. We also discuss the role of lipid mediators, with particular emphasis on eicosanoids, in the pathology of ischemic stroke. Finally, we summarize the latest research on potential targets in lipid metabolic pathways for ischemic stroke treatment and on the development of new stroke risk biomarkers for use in clinical practice.
Highlights
Stroke is a severe neurological disorder in humans that results from an interruption of the blood supply to the brain caused by a vascular occlusion or a blood vessel rupture or leakage
The insufficient blood supply leads to a strong oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) of the brain tissue, which initiates a cascade of pathophysiological response leading to neuronal death and severe neurological deterioration
Cholesterol in large and medium high-density lipoprotein particles inversely associates with the ischemic stroke risk, while triglycerides in HDL particles positively associate with the risk of this disease
Summary
Stroke is a severe neurological disorder in humans that results from an interruption of the blood supply to the brain caused by a vascular occlusion (ischemic stroke, IS) or a blood vessel rupture or leakage (hemorrhagic stroke, HS). Primary and secondary prevention of stroke is crucial, considering that over 80% of the global stroke burden is attributable to a few risk factors that can be improved significantly. The lipids released are utilized in either enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions, generating diverse classes of short-lived, lipid mediators, e.g., eicosanoids. These molecules have either neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects on the post-stroke brain tissue; they largely contribute to the outcome and recovery from stroke. Numerous PUFA-derived lipid mediators contribute to the brain injury occurring after the ischemic stroke. We summarize the latest research on potential targets in lipid metabolic pathways for ischemic stroke treatment and on the development of new stroke risk biomarkers for use in clinical practice
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