Abstract
BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and secreted from most cells of the body and can be recovered in biological fluids. Although there has been extensive characterisation of the protein and nucleic acid component of EVs, their lipidome has received little attention and may represent a unique and untapped source of biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis.MethodsEVs were isolated from non-tumourigenic (RWPE1), tumourigenic (NB26) and metastatic (PC-3) prostate cell lines. Lipids were extracted and subsequently used for targeted lipidomics analysis for the quantitation of molecular lipid species.ResultsA total of 187 molecular lipid species were quantitatively identified in EV samples showing differential abundance between RWPE1, NB26 and PC-3 EV samples. Fatty acids, glycerolipids and prenol lipids were more highly abundant in EVs from non-tumourigenic cells, whereas sterol lipids, sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids were more highly abundant in EVs from tumourigenic or metastatic cells.ConclusionsThis study identified differences in the molecular lipid species of prostate cell-derived EVs, increasing our understanding of the changes that occur to the EV lipidome during prostate cancer progression. These differences highlight the importance of characterising the EV lipidome, which may lead to improved diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and secreted from most cells of the body and can be recovered in biological fluids
EVs isolated from non-tumourigenic (RWPE1), tumourigenic (NB26) and metastatic (PC-3) prostate cell lines had mean and mode sizes in the range of typically defined exosomes, as assessed by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) (Fig. 1a)
RWPE1 EVs had the lowest overall concentration compared to NB26 and PC-3 EVs, with NB26 having the highest overall concentration, in accordance with previous reports [29, 30]
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and secreted from most cells of the body and can be recovered in biological fluids. EVs transport cargos of mRNAs, miRNAs, proteins, lipids and metabolites to target cells throughout the body, Due to the overlapping biophysical properties of the various EVs, analysis of a homogeneous population is difficult without the use of multiple isolation and purification steps, including differential ultracentrifugation, which are time consuming and are often still unable to Brzozowski et al Lipids in Health and Disease (2018) 17:211 yield a truly homogeneous population. Despite this limitation, EVs have received quite extensive characterisation of both their protein and nucleic acid (mRNA and miRNA) content. One class of biomolecules, lipids, have been largely overlooked in studies characterising the composition of EVs
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