Abstract
The benefits of dietary phytosterols (PhySs) and long-chain n-3 PUFA (ω3) have been linked to their effects as cholesterol- and triglyceride (TGL)-lowering agents. However, it remains unknown whether these compounds have further metabolic effects on LDL lipid composition. Here, we studied the effects of PhyS- or ω3-supplemented low-fat milk (milk) on the LDL-lipidome. Overweight and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects (n = 32) were enrolled in a two-arm longitudinal crossover study. Milk (250 ml/day), enriched with either 1.57 g PhyS or 375 mg ω3 (EPA + DHA), was given to the participants during two sequential 28 day intervention periods. Compared with baseline, PhyS-milk induced a higher reduction in the LDL cholesterol (LDLc) level than ω3-milk. LDL resistance to oxidation was significantly increased after intervention with PhyS-milk. Changes in TGL and VLDL cholesterol were only evident after ω3-milk intake. Lipidomic analysis revealed a differential effect of the PhyS- and ω3-milk interventions on the LDL lipid metabolite pattern. Content in LDL-glycerophospholipids was reduced after PhyS-milk intake, with major changes in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine subclasses, whereas ω3-milk induced significant changes in the long-chain polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters and in the ratio PC36:5/lysoPC16:0, associated to a reduced inflammatory activity. In conclusion, daily intake of milk products containing PhyS or ω3 supplements induce changes in the LDL-lipidome that indicate reduced inflammatory and atherogenic effects, beyond their LDLc- and TGL-lowering effects.
Highlights
The benefits of dietary phytosterols (PhySs) and long-chain n-3 PUFA (3) have been linked to their effects as cholesterol- and triglyceride (TGL)-lowering agents
We report that the dietary interventions with low-fat milk supplemented with PhyS and 3 induce significant changes in the LDL-lipidome beyond their effects on LDL cholesterol (LDLc) and TGL levels
To better understand changes in LDL lipid composition related to dietary interventions with PhyS- and 3-milk, we studied the correlation networks of lipid species that showed noteworthy changes according to the P values obtained by univariate ANOVA analysis for repeated measures after intervention with milk supplemented with PhyS or 3 (Fig. 6)
Summary
The benefits of dietary phytosterols (PhySs) and long-chain n-3 PUFA (3) have been linked to their effects as cholesterol- and triglyceride (TGL)-lowering agents. It remains unknown whether these compounds have further metabolic effects on LDL lipid composition. Lipidomic analysis revealed a differential effect of the PhyS- and 3-milk interventions on the LDL lipid metabolite pattern. Daily intake of milk products containing PhyS or 3 supplements induce changes in the LDL-lipidome that indicate reduced inflammatory and atherogenic effects, beyond their LDLc- and TGL-lowering effects.—Padro, T., G. Because cholesterol lowering is a major target for reducing CVD risk [2], dietary interventions to reduce LDLc levels in individuals with borderline dyslipidemia and obesity without overall cardiovascular risk are becoming mandatory. Cholesterol concentrations within the circulatory pool are products of input from gut absorption and endogenous synthesis relative to clearance through
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