Abstract
The biogenesis of cellular membranes involves an important traffic of lipids from their site of synthesis to their final destination. Lipid transfer can be mediated by vesicular or non-vesicular pathways. The non-vesicular pathway requires the close apposition of two membranes to form a functional platform, called membrane contact sites (MCSs), where lipids are exchanged. These last decades, MCSs have been observed between virtually all organelles and a role in lipid transfer has been demonstrated for some of them. In plants, the lipid composition of membranes is highly dynamic and can be drastically modified in response to environmental changes. This highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms involved in the regulation of membrane lipid homeostasis in plants. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the non-vesicular transport of lipids at MCSs in plants and its regulation during stress.
Highlights
Cellular membranes are composed of a specific assembly of lipids and proteins defining their functions and identities
This review summarizes our current knowledge about glycerolipid transfer at membrane contact site (MCS) in plants and the regulation of this process in response to stress
The transport of DGDG from plastids to mitochondria and the export of phosphatidylethanolamine for degradation or recycling are partially mediated by the Mitochondrial Transmembrane Lipoprotein (MTL) complex (Figure 4; Michaud et al, 2016, 2017)
Summary
Cellular membranes are composed of a specific assembly of lipids and proteins defining their functions and identities. Phospholipids contain a Pi group in their polar head They are mainly synthesized in the ER from PA and constitute the major glycerolipids present within extraplastidial membranes (Figure 1; Li-Beisson et al, 2013; Michaud et al, 2017). Galactoglycerolipids do not contain a Pi group but one or two galactose residues to form the MGDG and DGDG, respectively These lipids are synthesized in plastids and are mainly located in this compartment under normal growth conditions (Boudiere et al, 2012). Like mitochondria or plastids, rely mostly on non-vesicular routes for the biogenesis of their membranes (Figure 1; (Hurlock et al, 2014; Block and Jouhet, 2015; Michaud et al, 2017). This review summarizes our current knowledge about glycerolipid transfer at MCSs in plants and the regulation of this process in response to stress
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