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Abstract
Bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) are capable of initiating an innate immune response (IIR) to invading bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is not classically an intracellular pathogen, although it has been shown to be internalized into bMECs. S. aureus internalizes into nonprofessional phagocytes, which allows the evasion of the IIR and turns antimicrobial therapy unsuccessful. An alternative treatment to control this pathogen is the modulation of the innate immune response of the host. The Mexican avocado (Persea americana var. drymifolia) is a source of molecules with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Hence, we analyze the effect of a lipid-rich extract from avocado seed (LEAS) on S. aureus internalization into bMECs and their innate immunity response. The effects of LEAS (1-500 ng/ml) on the S. aureus growth and bMEC viability were assessed by turbidimetry and MTT assays, respectively. LEAS did not show neither antimicrobial nor cytotoxic effects. S. aureus internalization into bMECs was analyzed by gentamicin protection assays. Interestingly, LEAS (1-200 ng/ml) decreased bacterial internalization (60-80%) into bMECs. This effect correlated with NO production and the induction of the gene expression of IL-10, while the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α was reduced. These effects could be related to the inhibition of MAPK p38 (∼60%) activation by LEAS. In conclusion, our results showed that LEAS inhibits the S. aureus internalization into bMECs and modulates the IIR, which indicates that avocado is a source of metabolites for control of mastitis pathogens.
Highlights
The innate immune response (IIR) is the first line of defense of organisms, which has a relevant role in the protection against pathogens
We showed that immunomodulatory molecules inhibit S. aureus internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) regulating the IIR, suggesting an immunomodulatory role in host-pathogen interaction [3, 8, 9]
The turbidimetric results showed that the S. aureus growth was not affected by lipid-rich extract from avocado seed (LEAS) at the times evaluated (Figure 1(a))
Summary
The innate immune response (IIR) is the first line of defense of organisms, which has a relevant role in the protection against pathogens. The participation of professional phagocytic cells (c.a. macrophages, dendritic cells, and circulating leukocytes) in the IIR is fundamental; nonprofessional phagocytic cells (c.a. epithelium, endothelium, osteoblast, and fibroblast cells) have a relevant role [1]. In this sense, bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) play an important role in the IIR of the mammary gland acting as a physical barrier and as initial sensors of danger with the capacity to mount a defense response [2]. We showed that immunomodulatory molecules (short and medium chain fatty acids, and cholecalciferol) inhibit S. aureus internalization into bMECs regulating the IIR, suggesting an immunomodulatory role in host-pathogen interaction [3, 8, 9]
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