Abstract
The specialized plasma membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts are enriched by sterols and sphingolipids. Lipid rafts facilitate cellular signal transduction by controlling the assembly of signaling molecules and membrane protein trafficking. Another specialized compartment of plant cells, the plasmodesmata (PD), which regulates the symplasmic intercellular movement of certain molecules between adjacent cells, also contains a phospholipid bilayer membrane. The dynamic permeability of plasmodesmata (PDs) is highly controlled by plasmodesmata callose (PDC), which is synthesized by CALLOSE SYNTHASES (CalS) and degraded by β-1,3-GLUCANASES (BGs). In recent studies, remarkable observations regarding the correlation between lipid raft formation and symplasmic intracellular trafficking have been reported, and the PDC has been suggested to be the regulator of the size exclusion limit of PDs. It has been suggested that the alteration of lipid raft substances impairs PDC homeostasis, subsequently affecting PD functions. In this review, we discuss the substantial role of membrane lipid rafts in PDC homeostasis and provide avenues for understanding the fundamental behavior of the lipid raft–processed PDC.
Highlights
The specialized plasma membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts are enriched by sterols and sphingolipids
These specialized domains are defined as dynamic and small (10 to 200 nm) plasma membrane domains that are enriched in sterol and typical phytosphingolipids, such as glycosylinositolphosphoceramides, and that contain a low amount of unsaturated phospholipids [5,7,8,9,10,11]
This result indicates that CALLOSE SYNTHASE1 (CalS1) and PDLP5 are strongly associated with PD regulation to control plasmodesmata callose (PDC) accumulation during salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immune responses (Figure 1B) [62]
Summary
The plasma membrane is a biological compartment shielding the contents and substances of the entire cell. Not enough evidence that explains how the lipid raft–enriched vesicle controls evidence that explains how the lipid raft–enriched vesicle controls plasmodesmata callose directly Some membrane proteins, such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and acylated cytosolic proteins, show a preferential association with lipid rafts, thereby facilitating various biological functions and dynamic processes, including membrane trafficking, protein sorting, cell polarity and signal transduction [16,17,18]. Anchors the depletion or perturbation cell membrane–associated cholesterol diminishes the functions of preferentially localize into membrane lipid rafts, components whereas cytofacial are modified byprokaryotic saturated fatty intact lipid raft–associated [18,25]. Sphingolipids are described as ubiquitous components of cellular membranes and
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