Abstract
Background and Aims: Postmenopausal diabetic female are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to study their lipid profile and prevalence of dyslipidemia and assess relation of control of lipid components with various risk factors.
 Methods: A cross sectional prospective study conducted at Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre from 15th July 2020 to 14th October 2020 including 109 postmenopausal diabetic female. Detailed history along with clinical examination were conducted. Fasting lipid profile and other relevant investigations were obtained.
 Results: Mean age of participants was 63.48±9.26 years. Mean age of menopause was 48.59±1.88 years. A total of 37 (33.9%) were hypertensive, 17 (15.6%) were smoker, 67 (61.5%) were physically inactive. A total of 91 (83.5%) were non-vegetarian. Thirty eight (34.9%) had their blood sugar controlled with hemoglobin A1c of <7%. The mean total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein were 5.21±0.97 mmol/l and 1.02±0.13 mmol/l. Similarly mean triglyceride and low density lipoprotein were 2.24±0.75 mmol/l and 3.04±0.12 mmol/l. Dyslipidemia was present in 82.6%. Significant correlation of control of blood sugar with total cholesterol control status (R=0.28, P=0.01), low density lipoprotein control status (R=0.38, P=0.01), high density lipoprotein control status (R=0.36, P=0.04) and triglyceride control status (R=0.30, P=0.04) were seen.
 Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was common in post menopausal diabetic female. Blood sugar control status showed significant correlation with lipid profile parameters. A good sugar control and evaluation for lipid abnormalities is recommended in postmenopausal diabetic female.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in female.[1,2] Studies have shown postmenopausal females are at increased risk of CVD.[3,4]Low estrogen and raised luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone due to menopause causes significant unfavorable effect on lipid metabolism
The age of the participants ranged from 43 years to 90 years with mean age of 63.48±9.26 years
Lipid profile were classified according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATPIII) and were categorized abnormal/uncontrolled if total cholesterol (TC) ≥5.18 mmol/l (≥200 mg/dl) or TG ≥1.71 mmol/l (≥150 mg/dl) or high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in female.[1,2] Studies have shown postmenopausal females are at increased risk of CVD.[3,4]Low estrogen and raised luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone due to menopause causes significant unfavorable effect on lipid metabolism. Lipid friendly effect of estrogen like accelerated conversion of liver cholesterol to bile acid and expression of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is lost.[5,6] Studies in various settings have reported variable degree and pattern of dyslipidemia in postmenopausal female.[6,7,8] Diabetes increases the risk of coronary heart disease by three to seven fold in women, whereas only two to three fold in men.[1] Subtle changes in body composition during menopausal transition negatively influences glucose metabolism.[9] Postmenopausal state was significantly associated with the presence of dysglycemia.[10] Postmenopausal diabetic female can. Significant correlation of control of blood sugar with total cholesterol control status (R=0.28, P=0.01), low density lipoprotein control status (R=0.38, P=0.01), high density lipoprotein control status (R=0.36, P=0.04) and triglyceride control status (R=0.30, P=0.04) were seen. A good sugar control and evaluation for lipid abnormalities is recommended in postmenopausal diabetic female
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