Abstract
Diatoms, as single cell eukaryotic microalgae, are rich sources of lipids, which have either beneficial or detrimental effects on the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified diatom lipids with high levels of essential fatty acids (EFAs), especially polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) containing both omega-3 and omega-6. Nutritional values of FAs indicated possible applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food industries. Diatom FAs showed antioxidative potential on harmful radicals by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging, with high inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that causes cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hypertension. A computational molecular docking simulation confirmed the inhibition mechanisms of FAs on ACE, with comparable levels of binding free energy to chemically synthesized ACE drugs. Findings suggested that diatom lipids showed potential for use as alternative ACE inhibitors or food supplement for CVD prevention.
Highlights
Fatty acid profiling was used to calculate the nutritional indices of diatom lipids such as polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio (PS), index of atherogenicity (IA), index of thrombogenicity (IT), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H), health-promoting index (HPI), unsaturation index (UI), sum of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (SED), and trans fatty acid (TFA) using empirical
polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) high concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (ARA) are regarded as good can3.1
Blasio and Balzano reported that PUFAs be intracellularly bioRhopalodia sp
Summary
PUFAs have numerous benefits, the omega-3 group This includes eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that lower oxidative stress and blood pressure, while improving immune response and insulin resistance. This study investigated the use of diatom biomass as raw lipid extracts for the purpose of harvesting rich sources of bioactive fatty acids. Antioxidant fatty acids derived from microalgae have the potential to protect cells from oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals (e.g., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,20 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)) [6]. Previous studies proved that fatty acids derived from microalgal biomass inhibited both ROS production [13] and ACE activity [14]. To establish the mechanism of inhibition, the molecular docking approach was performed to explain the binding interaction between diatom fatty acids and ACE
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