Abstract
Oxidation of membrane lipids by reactive oxygen species (ROS) or O2/lipoxygenase leads to the formation of various bioactive compounds collectively called oxylipins. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are a group of oxylipins that have the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl structure, including acrolein and 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal. RCS provides a missing link between ROS stimuli and cellular responses in plants via their electrophilic modification of proteins. The physiological significance of RCS in plants has been established based on the observations that the RCS-scavenging enzymes that are overexpressed in plants or the RCS-scavenging chemicals added to plants suppress the plants’ responses to ROS, i.e., photoinhibition, aluminum-induced root damage, programmed cell death (PCD), senescence, abscisic acid-induced stomata closure, and auxin-induced lateral root formation. The functions of RCS are thus a key to ROS- and redox-signaling in plants. The chemical species involved in distinct RCS signaling/damaging phenomena were recently revealed, based on comprehensive carbonyl determinations. This review presents an overview of the current status of research regarding RCS signaling functions in plants and discusses present challenges for gaining a more complete understanding of the signaling mechanisms.
Highlights
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radical (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and singlet oxygen (1O2) is intrinsically associated with redox reactions in aerobic cells (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2015)
For investigations of the involvement of Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) in a physiological phenomenon, a recommended starter experiment is to examine the effect of carbonyl scavengers on the phenomenon, as was done for programmed cell death (PCD) in BY-2 cells (Biswas and Mano, 2015)
If RCS are involved, the increase in the endogenous RCS levels should be associated with the examined phenomenon, and the addition of carbonyl scavengers should suppress the RCS levels and the response of the cell
Summary
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radical (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and singlet oxygen (1O2) is intrinsically associated with redox reactions in aerobic cells (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2015). With aluminum (Al) stress treatment, transgenic A. thaliana plants with higher levels of GSH exhibited less increases in RCS and other oxylipin carbonyls in roots and showed higher tolerance to Al toxicity compared to the wildtype plants (Yin et al, 2017).
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