Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), represented by superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, have been implicated in many diseases including cancer. ROS have been known to play an important role in the initiation and promotion of multistep carcinogenesis. The cellular antioxidants play a crucial role in protection against neoplastic disease. However, very little is known about the antioxidant defense in cervical carcinoma. This is addressed in the present study. Lipid peroxides, glutathione content and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, together with vitamin C and E content, were estimated in patients who had carcinoma of the cervix, and the values were compared with those of normal women. The results showed a remarkable reduction in the content of glutathione, vitamin E and C. Activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also reduced in cervical cancer compared to normal controls (P < 0.001). This reduction was more marked in late stages (III, IV) than in early stages (I, II) (P < 0.001). Glutathione was reduced more in poorly differentiated tumors (grade III) than in well and moderately differentiated ones (grade I, II) (P < 0.05). Levels of lipid peroxides were found to be significantly higher in malignant than in normal tissue samples and their levels were correlated with advanced clinical stage (P < 0.001). Our results suggest impaired antioxidant status in carcinoma of the cervix. This impairment is related to tumor progression.
Highlights
The close relationship between free radical activity and malignancy has been welldocumented [10]
Serum levels of vitamin C were reduced in patients with carcinoma compared to the control group
Vitamin C was not altered in early stages (I, II) of cervical carcinoma and its level decreased in stages III and IV (Table 5)
Summary
The close relationship between free radical activity and malignancy has been welldocumented [10]. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell due to overproduction and/or inability to destroy them may lead to severe damage of cell molecules and structures. The range of antioxidant defences available within and outside the cell should be adequate to protect against oxidative damage. A critical balance between free radical generation and antioxidant defences is required [3]. Sacrificial antioxidants present in cell membranes include tocopherols (vitamin E), beta-carotenes and ubiquinone. Measuring lipid peroxides (LP) as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) provides an indirect measure of antioxidant deficit [31]. Tumor cells have been shown to have abnormal levels of antioxidant enzyme activities when compared with normal cells. Enzyme activities differ among individual tumors [27].
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